tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-89578765190321320862024-03-18T20:12:00.517-07:00Speech Comm.lienihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17705209198432414155noreply@blogger.comBlogger13125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8957876519032132086.post-26767058479142383142011-03-25T18:24:00.000-07:002011-03-25T18:26:50.443-07:00ASPIRATION<title></title><style type="text/css">
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<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Module: 9</span></div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Posted by: Lieni Immarie R. Monteron</span></div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Sources: 1. Speech and Oral Communication for College Students </span></div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"> <b> </b>by Rafaela H. Diaz <b> </b></span></div> <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">2. http://www.latvianstuff.com/Aspirated_Unaspirated.html </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> 3. htt//www.chumashlanguage.com/pronun/pronun-07-tx.html</span><title></title><style type="text/css">
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<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">At the end of this module, the learners are expected to:</span></div><ul><li><div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Describe aspiration;</span></div></li>
<li><div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Enumerate the three aspirated consonants;</span></div></li>
<li><div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Produce the sound of the words with the aspirated consonants correctly.</span></div></li>
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</div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><b> Refers to an explosive sound of breath brought about by a sudden release of air after the contact of parts of the speech mechanism. This puff of the air accompanies the utterance of a sound.</b></span></div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0.19in; margin-top: 0.19in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><b>/p/, /t/, /k/ are aspirated when they are found in initial position as in the following examples. Don’t forget /p/ is bilabial, /t/ is alveolar and /k/ is a velar.</b></span></div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"> Till pick power</span></div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"> Keep tree table</span></div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"> Pool cook car</span></div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"> <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><b>/p/, /t/, /k/ are not aspirated when found in medial or in final position within the stream of speech. Observe the following:</b></span></div><div align="CENTER" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div align="CENTER" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><b>Medial</b></span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"> </span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"> Apart city broker</span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"> Opal party market</span></div><br />
<div></div><div style="text-align: center;"></div><div style="text-align: left;"></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"> Open water basket</span></div><br />
<div style="text-align: center;"></div><div style="text-align: left;"></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"> Apple matter bakery</span></div><br />
<div style="text-align: center;"></div><br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"> Company writing cycle</span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div align="CENTER" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><b>Final</b></span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"> </span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"> Dip tilt look</span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"> Top not ask</span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"> Stop bat pink</span></div><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><b> </b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><b> </b></span><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><b>They are not aspirated in words: spill, skill, still. Neither /b/, /d/, /g/, the voiced counterpart of /p/, /t/, /k/, aspirated.</b></span> <br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Example:</span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"> Tick – dick trip – dip </span> </div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"> Palm – balm tuck – duck</span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"> Come – gun post – boast </span> </div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in;"></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><b> The /t/ or /d/ in English is made by striking the tip of the tongue on the upper teeth ridge. Do not put the tongue between the teeth as you do in the vernacular. Let us practice.</b></span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"> </span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"> Tell the teacher do a dance step</span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"> Trick or treat grade his work</span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"> Take a test good old days</span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
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</div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><b>Tongue Twister:</b></span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><i>Good, better, best</i></span></div><div></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><i> Never let it rest</i></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><i> Till your good is better</i></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><i> And your better best</i></span></div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0.19in; margin-top: 0.19in;"><br />
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</div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0.19in; margin-top: 0.19in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"> Although most of the time English [p], [t], and [k] sounds are aspirated (i.e. have the puff of air), there are certain situations in which English speakers produced them without this puff of air. In English, these </span><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><b>unaspirated</b></span><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"> consonants typically occur after an [s] which starts the same syllable. Here are some examples of each type: </span> </div><table border="0" cellpadding="8" cellspacing="0" style="width: 404px;"> <col width="168"></col> <col width="2"></col> <col width="187"></col> <tbody>
<tr> <td width="168"><div align="JUSTIFY"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><b>Aspirated consonants </b></span> </div></td> <td width="2"><div align="JUSTIFY"><br />
</div></td> <td width="187"><div align="JUSTIFY"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><b>Unaspirated consonants </b></span> </div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td width="168"><div align="JUSTIFY"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><u>p</u></span><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">in </span> </div></td> <td width="2"><div align="JUSTIFY"><br />
</div></td> <td width="187"><div align="JUSTIFY"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">s</span><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><u>p</u></span><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">in </span> </div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td width="168"><div align="JUSTIFY"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><u>t</u></span><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">all </span> </div></td> <td width="2"><div align="JUSTIFY"><br />
</div></td> <td width="187"><div align="JUSTIFY"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">s</span><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><u>t</u></span><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">all </span> </div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td width="168"><div align="JUSTIFY"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><u>c</u></span><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">an </span> </div></td> <td width="2"><div align="JUSTIFY"><br />
</div></td> <td width="187"><div align="JUSTIFY"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">s</span><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><u>c</u></span><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">an </span> </div></td> </tr>
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</div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0.19in; margin-top: 0.19in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"> You can clearly see the aspiration if you hold a lighted candle, or—and this is much safer—a thin strip of paper vertically in front of your mouth. Hold it fairly close to your lips and say </span><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><i>pin</i></span><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">. You should see the candle flame flicker or the strip of paper bend away from your lips. </span> </div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0.19in; margin-top: 0.19in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"> If you don't see it either (a) you're holding it too far away from your mouth, or (b) you're not a native speaker of English. In the first case, adjust the distance so that the paper (candle) is closer to your lips, and try again. The air which exits from you mouth and bends the paper (or candle) is the puff of air linguists call </span><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><b>aspiration</b></span><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">. </span> </div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0.19in; margin-top: 0.19in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"> Try this a few times until you have the paper (or candle) responding with a bend (or flicker) every time. Now, keeping the paper (or candle) at exactly the same distance from your lips, say the word </span><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><i>spin</i></span><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">. Either the paper won't move at all, or else it will bend much less than it did for </span><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><i>pin</i></span><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">. This absence of air movement indicates that the sound is </span><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><b>unaspirated</b></span><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">. </span> </div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0.19in; margin-top: 0.19in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"> To practise producing an unaspirated [p], [t], or [k] sound, say a word like </span><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><i>spin</i></span><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">, </span><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><i>stem</i></span><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">, or </span><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><i>skin</i></span><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"> very slowly. Say it more and more slowly until you consciously register how it feels to say an unaspirated consonant sound. Now say it slowly, but just "think" the [s] and don't actually say it out loud. Constantly check your pronunciation with the strip of paper (or candle) to make sure that you haven't reverted and are still saying an unaspirated sound.</span></div><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 584px;"> <col width="19"></col> <col width="557"></col> <tbody>
<tr> <td colspan="2" width="580"><b><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Here are the conditions for aspiration in English:</span></span></b></td> </tr>
<tr> <td valign="TOP" width="19"><span style="color: black;"></span></td> <td width="557"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">English </span></span><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><b>p t</b></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"> </span></span><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><b>ch</b></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"> and </span></span><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><b>k</b></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"> are aspirated when they come at the beginning of a syllable that has the accent: </span></span><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><b>pin</b></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">, </span></span><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><b>tin</b></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">, </span></span><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><b>chin</b></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">, </span></span><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><b>kin</b></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">.</span></span></td> </tr>
<tr> <td valign="TOP" width="19"><span style="color: black;"></span></td> <td width="557"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">There's no aspiration if an </span></span><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><b>S</b></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"> comes before the consonant in the same word: </span></span><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><b>pan : span</b></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">, </span></span><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><b>tan : Stan</b></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">, </span></span><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><b>can : scan</b></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"> </span></span> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td valign="TOP" width="19"><span style="color: black;"></span></td> <td width="557"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">There's no aspiration before unaccented syllables: </span></span><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><b>backup</b></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">, </span></span><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><b>dipper</b></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">, </span></span><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><b>master</b></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">, </span></span><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><b>thicker</b></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">.</span></span></td> </tr>
<tr> <td valign="TOP" width="19"><span style="color: black;"></span></td> <td width="557"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Aspiration is optional when an accented syllable ends the word: </span></span><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><b>dump</b></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">, </span></span><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><b>thick</b></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">, </span></span><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><b>wait</b></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">, </span></span><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><b>watch</b></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">, but </span></span><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><b>setup</b></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">, </span></span><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><b>bucket</b></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">, </span></span><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><b>logic</b></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">.</span></span></td> </tr>
<tr> <td valign="TOP" width="19"><span style="color: black;"></span></td> <td width="557"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Theres no aspiration when an unaccented syllable ends the word: </span></span><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><b>setup</b></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">, </span></span><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><b>bucket</b></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">, </span></span><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><b>logic</b></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">.</span></span></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div style="margin-bottom: 0.19in; margin-top: 0.19in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Guide Questions:</span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0.19in; margin-top: 0.19in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"> Identify the following whether it is aspirated or not. Put A when it is aspirated and AU when it’s not.</span></div><ol><li><div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0.19in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><u>t</u></span><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">alk 11. </span><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><u>p</u></span><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">atient</span></div></li>
<li><div style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><u>p</u></span><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">ut 12. in</span><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><u>k</u></span></div></li>
<li><div style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">out</span><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><u>p</u></span><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">ut 13. paren</span><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><u>t</u></span></div></li>
<li><div style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><u>c</u></span><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">ame 14. boo</span><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><u>k</u></span></div></li>
<li><div style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">in</span><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><u>c</u></span><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">ome 15. </span><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><u>c</u></span><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">are </span></div></li>
<li><div style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">wal</span><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><u>k</u></span><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"> 16. peo</span><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><u>p</u></span><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">le</span></div></li>
<li><div style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">fee</span><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><u>t</u></span><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"> 17. </span><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><u>p</u></span><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">erson</span></div></li>
<li><div style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><u>p</u></span><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">et 18. key</span></div></li>
<li><div style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">thin</span><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><u>k</u></span><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"> 19. </span><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><u>t</u></span><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">hanks</span></div></li>
<li><div style="margin-bottom: 0.19in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><u>t</u></span><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">ake 20. loo</span><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><u>k</u></span></div></li>
</ol>lienihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17705209198432414155noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8957876519032132086.post-34449744909680768282011-03-25T18:03:00.000-07:002011-03-25T18:03:28.455-07:00PHRASING<title></title><style type="text/css">
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<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Module: 8</span></div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Posted by: Lieni Immarie R. Monteron</span></div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Sources: 1. Functional Oral Communication by Perla C. Villamarzo, ET AL </span></div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"> 2. </span></div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
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<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"> <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">At the end of this module, the learners are expected to:</span></div><ul><li><div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Explain what phrasing is;</span></div></li>
<li><div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Enumerate the purpose of the pauses;</span></div></li>
<li><div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Discuss the classifications and sound of juncture.</span></div></li>
</ul><div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"> </span></div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"> Another means to achieve the rhythm in your speech is breaking or dividing an utterance into breath units or thought groups. This is called </span><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><b>phrasing.</b></span></div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"> <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Utterances may be broken into phrases or thought units. Each unit contains words that belong together because they are closely related and are set off from the rest by a pause. Words and syllables in such phrases are blended into one another. This blending usually takes place when a word that ends with a consonant or vowel is followed by one that begins with a vowel.</span></div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">This may be done for three purposes:</span></div><ol><li><div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">to catch one’s breath </span> </div></li>
<li><div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">to make meaning clear, and</span></div></li>
<li><div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">to emphasized an idea</span></div></li>
</ol><div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"> Once learned, proper phrasing improves one’s rhythm of speech. Observe how words and syllables are blended into one another with in the following groups of words.</span></div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"> </span></div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"> Has its own music cup of tea </span> </div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"> And if an adult think it over</span></div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"> It is as if work it out</span></div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"> Not as well trial and error</span></div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.25in;"><br />
</div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.25in;"> <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">The following practice selection is marked with single and double diagonal lines to indicate pauses. The rhythm pause (/) is a short pause. The thought pause (//) is a longer pause making the end of a thought unit.</span></div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.25in;"><br />
</div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Examples:</span></div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.25in;"> <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Each language / has its own music / with characteristic cadence / rhythm / and inflection// and if an adult is to learn to speak a new language correctly / he must give full value too these peculiar qualities.// It is as if he were learning to play/ a musical instrument.// </span> </div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.25in;"><br />
</div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><b>Guide Questions:</b></span></div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.25in;"> <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Put a diagonal line with in each sentence below. Single diagonal (/) when it indicates short pauses, double (//) when it indicates long pauses.</span></div><ol><li><div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">When we communicate, we must focus on our message.</span></div></li>
<li><div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Effective body language contributes to clarity and impasses in communication.</span></div></li>
<li><div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">An effective speech stimulates the mind, tickles the funny bone and touches the heart.</span></div></li>
</ol>lienihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17705209198432414155noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8957876519032132086.post-14287986794862661362011-03-25T17:38:00.000-07:002011-03-25T17:38:16.322-07:00JUNCTURE OR PAUSES<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Module: 7</div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Posted by: Lieni Immarie R. Monteron</div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Sources: 1. Speech and Oral Communication for College </div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Students by Rafaela H. Diaz</div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> 2. efcom by Milagros Castillo-Espina</div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> 3. http://scitation.aip.org/getabs/servlet/GetabsServlet?prog=normal&id</div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">********************************************************************</div><title></title><style type="text/css">
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<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"> At the end of the module, the learners are expected to:</span></div><ul><li><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Identify what juncture is;</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Differentiate juncture and pauses;</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"> Discuss the commonly used tunes in intonation pattern.</span></li>
</ul><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"> People<sup> </sup>can usually distinguish the word juncture in contrastive twins of<sup> </sup>word pairs such as <i>play nice</i> and <i>plain ice</i>. We<sup> </sup>can see many features which differ between the twins in<sup> </sup>spectrograms, but observation alone cannot tell us which features ate<sup> </sup>important to the perception of juncture. The contributions of pitch,<sup> </sup>amplitude, timing, and segmental features to juncture perception were studied<sup> </sup>as follows. Parametric representations of twins <i>X</i><i>Y</i> were<sup> </sup>obtained by analyzing natural speech, and the above features were<sup> </sup>exchanged between the twins in a complete factorial design. A<sup> </sup>feature <i>f</i> was considered important for juncture perception if exchanging<sup> </sup><i>f</i><i>X</i> and <i>Y</i> also caused perception to be<sup> </sup>exchanged; that is, listeners heard <i>Y</i> when presented with <i>X</i><sup> </sup>possessing feature <i>f</i> of <i>Y</i>, and vice versa. Listeners' responses<sup> </sup>indicated that all the features were important, but the importance<sup> </sup>of any particular feature or set of features depended on<sup> </sup>the juncture consonant. Features also interacted prominently for some consonants </span> and between </div><br />
<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Junctures and pauses are just the same they are both the stop of speaking.</div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><b>Juncture</b> – is a pause or slightly delay in a continuous flow of speech </div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><b>Pauses</b> – are intervals of silence between or with in words, phrases or sentences.</div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">This silence is an effective communicative tool if used sparingly. For better effect, pausing to breathe must be done at natural breaks in the sentences where commas and full stops would be in written prose. This provides a further benefits since relaxed breathing regulates the oxygen supply to the brain and aids clear thinking.</div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><b>A.Classification:</b></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">1.Close juncture – is movement from sound to sound which has no intervening pauses or delay.</div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">2.Open juncture – is movement which is not continuous. There is a slight stoppage of the last sound till it blends with the next.</div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><b>B.Sound:</b></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">1<i><u>.with in a syllable:</u></i> </div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> man ear clear bed</div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><i><u><br />
</u></i></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><i><u>2.from syllable to syllable with in a word:</u></i></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> lady shadow faith-full </div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> man-ly plen-ty live-ly</div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><u><i>3.from word to word:</i></u></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> a)From one consonant to another: plosive to plosive: hot day (First plosive is held briefly, then exploded as part of the second).</div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> b)From plosive to continuant: plosive is not exploded before the continuant but becomes part of the latter.</div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Hot water without money</div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> c)From t to th /&/: th th /or/ should be sounded more prominently.</div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Ex. At the store, them, through thick and thin.</div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> d)From consonant to a vowel: the plosive is exploded blending with the vowel.</div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Ex. Stop it.</div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> It is continuous with some continuants.</div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Ex. Pull out.</div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> e)From vowel to vowel: a momentary glide consonant is likely to link them together.</div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Ex. Do it trying see us know it</div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> w y y w</div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> f) The linking “r”- transition: when a syllable ends with a vowel (followed by “r”) the /r/ sound s links them together. </div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Ex. Star of the show moreover, </div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><b><br />
</b></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><b>Activity:</b></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Say the following:</div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">1.Plosive to plosive:</div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">A good team, the black table, on a dark day, blood bank, the sick baby, hard times.</div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">2. Plosive – Continuant;</div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">With a big smile, to keep late hours, old land lord, picnic supper, next month.</div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">3. From t or d to the /or/:</div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Right there, about that time, tasted the pie, third theme.</div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">4. Vowel to vowel:</div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">My own book, every actor, flew away, with a cry of joy, the creation.</div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">5. Consonant – Vowel:</div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Made it up, a cup of tea, slept an hour, some of us, an orange, in a minute, keep it up, broke a leg, a bag of apples.</div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">6. Linking “r” transition:</div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Forever and ever, where and when, faster and faster, our uncle, poor orphan.</div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><b>Guide Questions:</b></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Read the following pairs. Tell the difference in meaning between each pair. </div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">1.The president, said the secretary, is busy.</div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The president said, the secretary is busy.</div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">2.Who is calling, Jingky?</div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Who is calling Jingky?</div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">3.Are you leaving my child?</div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Are you leaving, my child?</div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Increase your “tonal vocabulary” through these exercises. </div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">1.Imagine yourself in each of these situations.</div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><b>Say “what’s the matter” using changing in pitch, tempo, force, pauses, and voice quality.</b></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">a)A friend is found crying.</div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">b)There is commotion in the classroom.</div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">c)A colleague stubbornly insists on a proposal you strongly dislike.</div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">d)Somebody finds faults with you</div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">2.<b>Say ‘yes” to the following:</b></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">a)You’re happy about it.</div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">b)You’re excited about it</div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">c)You’re not sure of it</div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">d)You’re forced into it</div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">e)You’re afraid of it</div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">f)You’re angry at it</div>lienihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17705209198432414155noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8957876519032132086.post-65632491490899355662011-03-24T03:16:00.000-07:002011-03-24T23:15:40.355-07:00INTONATION<link href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5Cuser%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtml1%5C23%5Cclip_filelist.xml" rel="File-List"></link><link href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5Cuser%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtml1%5C23%5Cclip_editdata.mso" rel="Edit-Time-Data"></link><style>
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</style><span style="font-family: Arial;">Module: 6</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial;">Posted by: Lieni Immarie R. Monteron</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial;">Sources: 1. EFCOM by Milagros Castillo-Espina</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial;"> 2. Speech for Effective Communication by </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial;"> by Mely M. Padilla and ET AL</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> 3. Effective Speech Communication in Various Situation</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> by Judy Imelda Igoy and Apolinario S. Saymo</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">At the end of this module, the learners are expected to:<o:p></o:p></span></div><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Describe intonation;<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Identify the basic intonation patters;<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Determine the commonly used tunes in intonation pattern.</span></li>
</ul><br />
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">ntonation refers to the tune or melodic flow of pattern of what we say. There is a notable rise and fall of the pitch level. This is determined by the mind and attitude of the speaker, and partly by the grammatical structure of his speech. The low, normal and high are most commonly used tunes in intonation patterns of Standard American English. Extra high tune is used only when expressing extreme fear, anger, surprise or excitement.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> A shifting occurs when there is a movement from one tune to another that takes place between syllables. Sometime the voice slides from one tune to another while a syllable are spoken. This movement is called a <b>glide.</b><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><u><span style="font-family: Arial;">The Basic Intonation Patterns<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">Rising – Falling Intonation or 2-3-1<o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">Rising Intonation or 2-3-3<o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">Non-final Intonation or 2-3-2<o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">Rising – Falling Intonation or 2-3-1<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> The tone of the rising-falling intonation moves from normal to high and then moves down to low as in the following patterns:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="height: 14px; left: 0px; margin-left: 191px; margin-top: 17px; position: absolute; width: 2px; z-index: 1;"></span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> <u> high<o:p></o:p></u></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="height: 36px; left: 0px; margin-left: 263px; margin-top: 0px; position: absolute; width: 2px; z-index: 2;"></span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> <u> normal<o:p></o:p></u></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> <u> low<o:p></o:p></u></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> There are two types of rising-falling intonation:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">a)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial;">shift – the movement from one tone to another; <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 78pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">indicated by a straight vertical line<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 78pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">it is shift when the stressed syllable is followed by an unstressed syllable or syllables.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="height: 14px; left: 0px; margin-left: 191px; margin-top: 17px; position: absolute; width: 2px; z-index: 3;"></span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> <u> high<o:p></o:p></u></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="height: 36px; left: 0px; margin-left: 263px; margin-top: 0px; position: absolute; width: 2px; z-index: 4;"></span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> <u> normal </u> 3<u><o:p></o:p></u></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> 2 <u> low<o:p></o:p></u></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> 1<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Ex. <u>Where is your son’s</u> off<u>ice</u>? <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> 2 3 1 <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Glide – movement within a syllable is marked by a diagonally- curbed line called inflection. When the stressed syllable is the last words in the sentence, inflection is used. The vowel is prolonged in an inflection in order that the pitch change may be distinctly heard. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify;"><u><span style="font-family: Arial;">He’s in</span></u><span style="font-family: Arial;"> to<u>wn</u> <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> 2 3 1<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">This type of intonation patter is normally used at the end of the following sentences:<o:p></o:p></span></div><ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Declarative sentences<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify;"><u><span style="font-family: Arial;">This is my</span></u><span style="font-family: Arial;"> sis<u>ter</u>.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> 2 3 1<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><ol start="2" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Imperative sentences or commands<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify;"><u><span style="font-family: Arial;">Close the</span></u><span style="font-family: Arial;"> win<u>dow</u>.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> 2 3 1<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><ol start="3" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Special questions that begin with interrogative words such as what, who, why, etc. are used in questions that can’t be answered by yes or no.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify;"><u><span style="font-family: Arial;">Who is</span></u><span style="font-family: Arial;"> com<u>ing</u>? <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> 2 3 1<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">Rising Intonation or 2-3-3<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: Arial;">The tone of voice moves from normal to high.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">This is used at the end of questions which do not begin with interrogatives, but which may be answered by yes or no.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify;"><u><span style="font-family: Arial;">Are you</span></u><span style="font-family: Arial;"> ill? <u>Will you</u> come?<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="position: relative; z-index: 5;"><span style="height: 26px; left: 143px; position: absolute; top: -97px; width: 2px;"><img height="26" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/Ermzone/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image003.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1030" width="2" /></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> 2 3 2 3<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><ol start="2" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Slow and deliberate counting<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> <u>O</u>ne <u>t</u>wo <u>th</u>ree <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> 2 3 2 3 2 3<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><ol start="3" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">enumeration<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> <u>A</u>my <u>La</u>dy<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> 2 3 2 3<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">Falling Intonation or 3-1<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> Begins with a high a tune (3) and ends on a low one (1). This pattern is used in one word and short command and in counting off numbers.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Example: <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> <u>Di</u>ve <u>ru</u>n <u>get</u> it<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> 3 1 3 1 3 1<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">Nonfinal Intonation or 2-3-2<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> Nonfinal intonation varies from speaker to speaker with little corresponding variation in meaning. In normal speech, intonation is heard not only at the end of the sentence but also in the sentence itself. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> The nonfinal pattern may be used in the situation below in the combination with the rising-falling (2-3-1) or rising (2-3-3) intonation patterns.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">In a function or content words which are specially stressed that precede the last stressed word.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> Example: <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> <u> Are</u> they <u>ready to</u> sing?<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> 2 3 2 3 <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><ol start="2" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">In comparison and contrast<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Example:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> <u>I’m looking for a</u> blue <u>book not a</u> red <u>book</u>.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> 2 3 2 3 1<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><ol start="3" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">On sentences where two or more thought groups are divided by short pauses.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Example:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> <u>If she</u> leaves <u>now, you have to</u> go <u>with her.</u><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> 2 3 2 3 1<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">Guide Questions:</span></b><span style="font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> Mark the intonation of each sentence. First put the high note in proper place; then fill in next the rising-falling pattern.<o:p></o:p></span></div><ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">The lady smiles enigmatically.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Let us meet at the canteen.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">What shall we order?<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Where is the waiter?<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Do you know what you want?<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">May I see the menu?<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Will you have an appetizer?<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">I’ll take the regular dinner.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">We have enough time to finish.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Bring us the bill later.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol></div>lienihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17705209198432414155noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8957876519032132086.post-8979421953312427982011-03-24T03:10:00.000-07:002011-03-24T22:57:31.872-07:00PITCH<link href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5Cuser%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtml1%5C22%5Cclip_filelist.xml" rel="File-List"></link><style>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Module: 5</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Posted by: Lieni Immarie R. Monteron</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Sources: 1. EFCOM by Milagros Casitllo-Espina</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> 2. Speech and Oral Communication for College Student </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> by Rafaela H. Diaz</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><b><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">****************************************<br />
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">At the end of this module, the learners are expected to:<o:p></o:p></span></div><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Describe pitch;<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Identify the different pitch level;<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Determine the length and thickness of speech</span></li>
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial;">Pitch-</span></b><span style="font-family: Arial;"> is the relative position of a tone in a scale.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 78pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Refers to the highness or lowness of the voice when speaking.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 78pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Is a complex, variable and interrelated phenomenon which combines with consonants and vowels to produce the stream of sound that is language.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 78pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Refers the size and shape of the resonators and the tension of the vocal cords.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Pitch is determined by the length and thickness of the vocal cords. It depends on the frequency at which your vocal cords vibrate. When it is stretched, it vibrates with a higher frequency and voice becomes shriller. When they contract, they vibrate with a lower frequency, and the voice goes deeper. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">Different pitch level:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;"> 4<u> Extra high <o:p></o:p></u></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;"> 3<u> High<o:p></o:p></u></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;"> 2<u> normal<o:p></o:p></u></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><b><u><span style="font-family: Arial;">1 low <o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> Some exercises to correct your pitch range: <o:p></o:p></span></div><ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Practice changing pitch. <o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Say and do the following:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-family: Arial;">I can make my voice go higher and higher.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-family: Arial;">I can make my voice go lower and lower</span></i><span style="font-family: Arial;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div><ol start="2" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Practice changing pitch up and down with in the space of a few words. The word made bold has a raised pitch.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">I </span></b><span style="font-family: Arial;">will help you.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: Arial;">I <b>will </b>help you.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> I will <b>help </b>you.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> I will help <b>you.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">Guide Questions:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: Arial;">Say the sentence in different pitch level.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> I love you.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">1. Raise your voice high in I.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">2. Raise your voice high in Love.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">3. Raise your voice high in You.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><span style="font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span> lienihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17705209198432414155noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8957876519032132086.post-8890141597350521192011-03-24T02:48:00.000-07:002011-03-24T22:53:44.933-07:00STRESS<span style="font-family: Arial;">Module: 4</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial;">Posted by: Lieni Immarie R. Monteron</span> <span style="font-family: Arial;"></span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial;">Sources:1. EFCOM by Milagros Castillo-Espina</span> <br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> 2. Effective Speech Communication in Various Situation </span> <span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span> <span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span> <span style="font-family: Arial;"> by Judy L. Igoy and Apolinario S. Saymo</span> <span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span> <span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span> <span style="font-family: Arial;"> 3. Speech and Oral Communication for College Students </span> <span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span> <span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span> <span style="font-family: Arial;"> by Rafaela H. Diaz</span> <span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span> <span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span> <br />
<div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">**********************************************************</span></div><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span> <span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span> <link href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CErmzone%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtml1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml" rel="File-List"></link><style>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">At the end of this topic, the learners are expected to:<o:p></o:p></span></div><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Define stress;<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Identify the different types of stress;<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Use the stress in the word.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span> <span style="font-family: Arial;"><b>Stress</b> – sometimes called <u>accent</u>.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 70.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial;">it is the loudness or softness with which the vowel, diphthong or a syllable is uttered. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 70.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial;">The most important syllable bears the primary stress at the next must important has the secondary stress as in the word organization.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
<b><u><span style="font-family: Arial;">Types of stress</span></u></b><span style="font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">(/) primary or loudest stress, in a unit of speech.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">(\) secondary or second loudest stress in a unit of speech.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">(^) tertiary or third loudest (next to softness) stress in a unit of speech.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">(˘) weak or the least stress given to any element of the unit.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Note: a unit of a speech means what some linguists call a phonemic phrase, an utterance with primary stress and only one.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Arial;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><u><span style="font-family: Arial;">Some Basic Rules on Stress</span></u></b><br />
<br />
<b><span style="font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="a"><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><u><span style="font-family: Arial;">Content words</span></u></b><span style="font-family: Arial;"> carry lexical meaning in themselves, such as manual, jeopardized, pretty and gradually traditional content words are stressed.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Ex. Nouns – Patience is a <u>virtue.</u> (trait, gift, quality)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> Answer the<u> call.</u>(phone, letter, charge) <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> I demand a<u> change.</u>(warning, renewal, trial) <u><o:p></o:p></u></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Verbs – The collector <u>changed </u>the man (found, accused, reported) <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> Please <u>write</u> legibly (draw, record, account) <u><o:p></o:p></u></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> I<u> heard</u> the noise (detected, recognized, traced) <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> Adjectives – they look<u> sad</u> (weary, lonely, desperate) <u><o:p></o:p></u></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 99pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> It is an <u>exciting</u> day! (lively, bright, lifting) <u><o:p></o:p></u></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 99pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> She is a<u> lovely</u> bride (shy, pretty, petite) <u><o:p></o:p></u></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> Adverbs – talk <u>clearly</u> (audibly, glibly, articulately) <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 99pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">He delivered his speech <u>glibly</u> (clearly, calmly, persuasively) The delivered the goods<u> hurriedly</u> (quickly, cautiously, promptly) </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><u><span style="font-family: Arial;">Function words</span></u></b><span style="font-family: Arial;"> have little or no lexical meanings but merely indicate grammatical relationships. They serve to vary the functions of the content words with which they appear.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Arial;"><u><o:p></o:p></u></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">Function words are unstressed:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-family: Arial;">preposition</span></i><u><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span></u><span style="font-family: Arial;">– I went <u>to</u> movies yesterday.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-family: Arial;">articles</span></i><span style="font-family: Arial;"> – <u>the</u> men are on strike.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-family: Arial;">correlatives or determiners</span></i><span style="font-family: Arial;"> – <u>neither</u> work is advisable.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-family: Arial;">relative pronounce</span></i><span style="font-family: Arial;"> – the man <u>who</u> came is my uncle.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-family: Arial;">personal pronounce</span></i><span style="font-family: Arial;"> – <u>I</u> am the chairman.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-family: Arial;">the pronoun one as a substitute</span></i><span style="font-family: Arial;">:<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">take the red one<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">I met the bright one<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> 7. <i>helping verb or auxiliaries</i>:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">She is sleeping<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> I have known him for a long time now.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">(Note: “to have” forms as principal verbs as stressed)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> Ex. I have a gift.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> 8. <i>linking verb</i> – he is pleasant to talk to.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> Note; these verbs are stressed.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> a)when they are found in the final position.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> b.)when used in reiterative patterns or tag questions.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Ex. Didn’t they?<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> Are you?<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> Isn’t it?</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><u><span style="font-family: Arial;">Can’t</span></u><span style="font-family: Arial;"> also is slightly stressed in order to distinguish its meaning from the positive <u>can</u> which is unstressed.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Ex. Can we swim?<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> No, he can’t.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span> <span style="font-family: Arial;"></span> <span style="font-family: Arial;"></span> <span style="font-family: Arial;"></span> <span style="font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">The first of two nouns used together generally receives primary stress:<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placename w:st="on"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Ex.</span></st1:placename><span style="font-family: Arial;"> <st1:placetype w:st="on">College</st1:placetype></span></st1:place><span style="font-family: Arial;"> student cocktail party<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> Term paper guest room<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> Desk pan water color</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span> <span style="font-family: Arial;"></span> <span style="font-family: Arial;"></span> <span style="font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">In two word verbs, which are composed of a verb and adverb the second component receives the primary stress while the first component receives the secondary stress.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Ex. Come in stand up put on<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> Get off pick up take off</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">The general rule of sentence stress does not apply when:</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="a"><ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">The speaker wants to call attention to a word which normally is unstressed.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol></ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">=you’ll find the back on the desk.(not under)<o:p></o:p></span></div><ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="a"><ol start="2" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Because of a succession of stressed syllables the speaker lends to unstressed an intervening stress:<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol></ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">=that’s Ryan’s best composition.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">(/)</span></b><span style="font-family: Arial;">- survey <b>(˘) - </b>ălone<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> Teacher ăbove<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> Concert bĕlow<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">Guide Questions:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Place the primary stress on the following words.<o:p></o:p></span></div><ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">articulation<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">cemetery<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">colleague<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">seventy seven<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">desert (v)<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">semester<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">professor<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">coupon<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">committee<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">tolerance<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">orator<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">indigent<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">adolescence<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">ceremony<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">association<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>lienihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17705209198432414155noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8957876519032132086.post-63377538584595844692011-03-24T01:42:00.000-07:002011-03-24T22:44:20.363-07:00DIPHTHONG<link href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5Cuser%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtml1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml" rel="File-List"></link><style>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Module: 3</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial;">Posted by: Lieni Immarie R. Monteron</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial;">Sources: 1. Speech and Oral Communication for College Students </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial;"> by Rafaela H. Diaz </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial;"> 2. EFCOM by Milagros Castillo-Espina</span><br />
3. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">http://www.oup.com/elt/global/products/englishfile</span><br />
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> At the end of this topic, the learners are expected to:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 39pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Enumerate all the diphthongs;<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 39pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Identify the vowels used to form the diphthongs;<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 39pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Distinguish the diphthong in the word.<o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial;"> Some speech sounds contain more than one vowel. A diphthong is a sound composed of two vowels pronounced in close succession with in the limits of a syllable. The vowel sound in the word, <u>fine</u>, is a diphthong for it starts from the /a/ position and glides smoothly to the semi vowel /y/ with in one syllable. Thus a diphthong is a vowel sound that starts from one tongue and lip position and glides upward continuously to a second tongue and lip position. Since the sounds are enunciated so quickly, it is impossible to tell where one ends and the other begins. The two component parts of a diphthong are called its elements. The first element is always stronger than the second; the second is never stressed.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> The diphthongs are /ai/, /au/, and /oi/<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Examples:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">/ai/ /oi/ /au/<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><link href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5Cuser%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtml1%5C07%5Cclip_filelist.xml" rel="File-List"></link><style>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Quite point now<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Sight boil count<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Time oil brown<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Fire soil proud<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Might toy sound<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">buy join mouth<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">pie spoil crown<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">guide noise ouch<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">fly out<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">sigh cloud<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="background-color: white; color: purple;"><br />
</div><div style="background-color: black; color: purple;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><a href="http://www.oup.com/elt/global/products/englishfile/intermediate/c_pronunciation/pronunciation02/">listen to sounds</a> </span></div><span style="font-family: Arial;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><b>Guide Questions:</b><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> Determine what diphthong is being used in words.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">dine 11. buy 21. night<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">blouse 12. prize 22. dice<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">joy 13. climb 23. light<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">fried 14. poise 24. soy<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">foul 15. height 25. allow<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">brouse 16. howl<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">rhyme 17. dye<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">annoy 18. loud<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">slouch 19. dice<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">moist 20. coil<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>lienihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17705209198432414155noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8957876519032132086.post-32999445612574767592011-03-15T20:25:00.000-07:002011-03-25T18:37:53.732-07:00The Communication Process<div style="color: red; font-family: Times,'Times New Roman',serif; margin-bottom: 0in;"><div style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Module: 10<br />
Reported by: Lieni Immarie R. Monteron<span style="background-color: #eeeeee;"><span style="background-color: white;"></span></span></div><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Sources: 1.Efective Speech Communication in Various Situation by Judy Imelda L. Igoy and Apolinario S. Saymo </span><br />
<span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> 2. Responsible Speech Communication by Norma D. Martinez </span><br />
<span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> 3. http://www.google.com.ph</span><b><br />
</b></div><div style="color: black; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
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<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">At the end of this module, the learners are expected to;</span></div><ul><li><div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Name and explain the functions of communication;</span></div></li>
<li><div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Recognize and analyze four levels of communication;</span></div></li>
<li><div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">State the different stages in communication.</span></div></li>
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<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><b>Types and Level of Communication Process</b></span></div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"></div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"> <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><b>Intrapersonal communication</b></span><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"> happens when a person talks to oneself or himself’ mentally to process information being received. It is the way in which individual process information based on their own life experiences.</span></div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"> <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><b>Interpersonal communication</b></span><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">, a second level, takes place primarily when two people are involved in the process.</span></div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"> <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><b>Group communication</b></span><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">, a third level, involves three to six persons, usually engaged in face-to-face interaction, actively working together toward a common goal. Groups are formed usually because the combined efforts of a number of people result in greater output than the individual efforts of the same number of people.</span></div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"></div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><b> Public communication</b></span><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">, a fourth level, requires an individual to deliver an informative, persuasive, or special occasion massage in front of a group. This is also a mass communication which represents those situations when we communicate via some electronic device. The mass media are television, radio, motion pictures, newspapers, magazines, books and billboards. Mass communication is directed toward a relatively large heterogeneous and anonymous audience.</span></div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"> <span style="color: #eeeeee;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: small;">The speech communication process begins with the formulation of an idea by the speaker. He then encodes ideas into language to be transmitted through audible and visible symbols to the receiver. As the receiver receives the message, he decodes them and may physically or verbally respond to the speaker. The process of communication involves several stages. They are:</span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
<span style="color: black;"></span></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;">1<sup>st</sup> stage: <u>Thinking</u></span></span></b></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-size: small;">This stage starts with the birth of an idea of the speaker. The speaker should know what he wants to convey to his audience, otherwise he will be confused and will become the laughing stock of the audience.</span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;">2<sup>nd</sup> stage: <u>Symbolizing</u></span></span></b></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-size: small;">In this stage, the speaker is now ready to share to his audience orally through the use of words. The words should be appropriate for the idea to be clearly understood by the listeners. Mastery of the language is necessary. The speaker should know how to give his thoughts and feeling in an effective way. He should select terms that can be understood easily by the audience.</span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;">3<sup>rd</sup> stage: <u>Expressing</u></span></span></b></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-size: small;">The speaker is now ready to his ideas in an audible speech using appropriate gestures. Clean, good voice and physical delivery is must in speaking.</span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;">4<sup>th</sup> stage: <u>Transmitting</u></span></span></b></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-size: small;">The ideas and feelings are transmitted into the ears of the listeners. The surroundings must be conducive for the audience.</span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;">5<sup>th</sup> stage: <u>Receiving</u></span></span></b><br />
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</div><div style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-size: small;">As the sound waves that carry the ideas of the speaker reach the ears of the listeners, a series of movements takes place. Neural impulses are sent to the brain. Defects of the ears and eyes cause faulty reception.</span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;">6<sup>th</sup> stage: <u>Decoding</u></span></span></b></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-size: small;">This stage will lead the listeners to understand what the speaker wants to convey. Understanding takes place only upon receiving the ideas of the speaker through the voice with supplementary gestures. These voices and gestures facilitate the comprehension of the listener.</span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;">7<sup>th</sup> stage: <u>Reaction or “Feedback”</u></span></span></b><br />
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</div><div style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-size: small;">It is normal situation to see listeners giving responses to what was heard from the speakers. Reactions may be, applause, boredom, hissing, yawn, and doubtful look and so on.</span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;">8<sup>th</sup> stage: <u>Monitoring</u></span></span></b><br />
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</div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><div style="color: black;"><span style="color: black; font-size: small;">The speaker should be sensitive in giving the needs of his audience. It is through monitoring that the speaker determines if comprehension takes place.</span></div><div style="color: black;"><div style="color: black;"><span style="color: black; font-size: small;"> Below is a chart of communication process</span></div><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
<span style="color: black;"></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><span style="color: black; font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj48I-XBIl1r-avoRFqKY0OslU8V8o35kmMnVAgXOWYS_Pem6GMarErtqHu_7tVAFAWgrdFj3n2ilBen5xUmnCvJxBRO_NegY6Bj9yEo4cyBgEC35JcqsFt6iualv3TL1fU4Vs8dSLQ3Mf8/s1600/CommunicationsProcess.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="170" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj48I-XBIl1r-avoRFqKY0OslU8V8o35kmMnVAgXOWYS_Pem6GMarErtqHu_7tVAFAWgrdFj3n2ilBen5xUmnCvJxBRO_NegY6Bj9yEo4cyBgEC35JcqsFt6iualv3TL1fU4Vs8dSLQ3Mf8/s400/CommunicationsProcess.gif" width="400" /></a></span></div><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
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<span style="color: black;"></span></span></div></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><u><br />
<span style="color: black;"></span></u></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: black; font-size: small;">Guide Questions:</span></b></div><ol style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><li style="text-align: justify;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: small;">Enumerate all the stages in communication process.</span></div></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: small;">In what stage that the ideas and feelings are transmitted into the ears of the listeners?</span></div></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: small;">It is the starts of formation of the ideas into the speakers mind.</span></div></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: small;">This stage where the listeners give them responses.</span></div></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: small;">It is the formulation of an idea by the speaker.</span></div></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: small;">This stage should not be disregarded because it is only in this stage that the speaker determines if comprehension takes place.</span></div></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: small;">This stage lead the listeners to understand what the speaker wants to convey.</span></div></li>
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</div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"></span></div>lienihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17705209198432414155noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8957876519032132086.post-77213112984216636352011-03-15T17:52:00.000-07:002011-03-24T22:40:32.160-07:00Consonants<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">Module: 2<br />
Posted by: Lieni Immarie R. Monteron <br />
Sources: 1. A Handbook in Speech and Effective Communication by Milagros Castillo-Espina<br />
2. Effective Speech Communication in Various Situation by Judy Imelda L. Igoy and Apolinario S. Saymo<br />
3.http://www.google.com.ph/images<br />
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> At the end of this module, the readers are expected to:<o:p></o:p></span></div><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Enumerate all the consonant symbols;<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Identify the consonants used in the words;<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Produce the consonant sounds in a word correctly.</span></li>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"> <span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> A </span><b style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><u>consonants</u></b><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> is sound used before or after a vowel to form a syllable. It is produced with the narrowing of the speech tract and is classified according to the manner of articulation, place of articulation, and the presence or absence of voice.</span></span></span><br />
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</style><span style="font-size: small;"> - a sound produced by the partial or complete obstruction of the air column by some parts of speech apparatus such as the lips, tongue and others.<o:p></o:p></span> </div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><b>Consonants are classified according to:</b><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><b><i>Point of articulation</i></b><o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">a)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial;">bilabial = lips<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">b)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial;">labio - dental = lips and teeth<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">c)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial;">interdental = between the teeth (with the help of tongue)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">d)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial;">alveolar = upper gum ridge<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">e)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial;">palatal = hard palate<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">f)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial;">velar = soft palate<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">g)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial;">glottal = glottis<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">h)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial;">lengue – dental = tongue and teeth<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">i)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial;">alvea – palatal = combination of alveolar and palatal<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.75in;"><br />
</div><ol start="2" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><i><b>Manner of Articulation</b></i><o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">a)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Plosives are categorized by complete stoppage and compression of the breath followed by an explosion or release of the air.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">b)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Fricatives are made by forcing the breathing through a partly narrowed passage in the mouth or glottis. Voiceless fricatives give out a friction - like quality while voiced fricatives have less of friction quality.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">c)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Affricates are combination of a plosive and a fricative.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">d)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Nasals are characterized by nasal tones and by breath flowing through the passage in the nose.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">e)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Laterals are produced as breath is released through one or both sides of the tongue.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">f)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Glides have the consonants moving from a fixed point then gliding toward the production or position of the vowel.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">g)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Retroflex like /r/ is a sound made with tongue tip pointing upward and backward.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><ol start="3" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><i><b>Voicing</b></i> – Not all consonants are voiced. Voiced consonants are produce by exhaling breath and causing the vocal cords in the larynx to vibrate strongly to produce vocal tones. Voiceless consonants have no such vibration.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
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</div><ol start="4" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><i><b>Duration</b></i><o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 117pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">a.)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Continuants – consonants are prolonged indefinitely on one.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 117pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">b.)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Stops – breath streams is stopped or block, thus, breath giving a limited duration.<o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><b>Table of English Consonants </b></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXsIVXWIq4ozJ-ya8rXVDgZdvSzVxOCZ0jQnljCZCCqa40U2shJLsWcAmWU6oceqZX5MIbTTiW3tGaPCnIiwUe7g47dWIAyq14kAq5QL7z0reCZfY0li_ik6aBSKDBIQ-fR59oQoGoH09Z/s1600/Engl-consonants.GIF" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="140" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXsIVXWIq4ozJ-ya8rXVDgZdvSzVxOCZ0jQnljCZCCqa40U2shJLsWcAmWU6oceqZX5MIbTTiW3tGaPCnIiwUe7g47dWIAyq14kAq5QL7z0reCZfY0li_ik6aBSKDBIQ-fR59oQoGoH09Z/s320/Engl-consonants.GIF" width="320" /></a></div></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><b>/p/</b>- Bring your lips together, closing them tightly and quick ling releasing the built up pressure through the mouth without vibrating the vocal cords. In initial positions as in </span><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><u>pet</u></span><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"> and when followed by a stressed vowel as in </span><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><u>repeat</u></span><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">, /p/ is aspirated. The released is accomplished by a puff of air. There is no aspiration when /p/ comes after /s/ as in </span><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><u>spend</u></span><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"> and in medial unstressed position as in </span><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><u>happy</u></span><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">. In final position it may or may not be aspirated.</span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Word Drill</span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><u>Initial </u> <u>Medial </u> <u>Final</u></span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Pell supper hop</span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Pull pauper lap</span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Pack appear tap</span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Pan taper tip</span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Pave people clip</span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><b>/b/</b>- Like /p/, it is produced by closing the lips firmly, through with lesser pressure and the release of breath is accompanied by vibration of the vocal cords. There is the absence of aspiration even in the initial position.</span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Word Drill</span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><u>Initial</u> <u>Medial</u> <u>Final</u> </span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Boon tribute mob</span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Bunch somebody disrobe</span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Bet sob lab</span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Ban sabre rib</span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Bone habit curb</span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><b>/t/</b>- The tongue is raised so that the tip presses against the alveolar (upper grum) ridge and sides touch the upper bicuspids. The soft palate is raised to prevent the breath from going out through the nose. When the release comes to complete the sound, / t / is accompanied by a puff of air, /t/ is aspirated in initial positions and in stressed syllables followed by vowels.</span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Word Drill</span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><u>Initial</u> <u>Medial</u> <u>Final</u></span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Tin utter built</span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Tie bitter trait</span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Team matter late</span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><b>/d/</b> -/t/ and /d/ have the same manner of articulation except that /d/ is voiced and not aspirated.</span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Word Drill</span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><u>Initial</u> <u>Medial</u> <u>Final</u></span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Dame adorn said</span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Dine cuddle tend</span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Day ladder weed</span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Dear redeem mend</span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><b>/k/</b>- There is a pressing against the velum blocking the oral passage of the outgoing breath. This sound is completed only upon release of the built up pressure and without vibration of the vocal cords. </span><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><u>Cot</u></span><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"> and </span><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><u>become</u></span><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"> are aspirated while </span><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><u>wicked</u></span><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"> and </span><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><u>bake</u></span><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"> are not. Other voiceless stops /p/, /t/ and /k/ are aspirated in the beginning of stressed syllables, but not aspirated after initial /s/ in the middle and end of the words.</span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Word Drill</span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><u>Initial</u> <u>Medial </u> <u>Final</u></span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Came become sock</span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Kin laxity buck</span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Cop clicker wax</span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Cup lacquer track</span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><b>/g/</b>- It differs from /k/ in two aspects: the presence voice and the absence of aspiration.</span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Word Drill</span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><u>Initial</u> <u>Medial</u> <u>Final</u></span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Greed angel beg</span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Glide signal stag</span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Guard vanguard fatigue</span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Gap meager drag</span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Game digger mug</span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><b>/v/</b>- like /f/, it is produced by placing the lower lip very tightly against the upper teeth and blowing through them with an accompanying vibration of the vocal cords.</span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Word Drill</span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><u>Initial</u> <u>Medial</u> <u>Final</u></span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Vulgar proven alive</span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Vowel shaved love</span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Value review dove</span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Vote carving receive</span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><b>/</b></span><link href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5Cuser%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtml1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml" rel="File-List"></link><style>
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</style><span style="font-family: Arial;"><b>θ</b><o:p></o:p></span><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><b>/</b>- the tip of the tongue slightly touches the upper teeth until a fricative quality of sound is produced.</span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Word Drill</span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><u>Initial</u> <u>Medial</u> <u>Final</u></span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Think method north</span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Thin pathology south</span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Thank rhythmic myth</span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Theory cathedral tooth</span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><b>/</b></span><b>ð</b><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><b>/</b>- this sound is produced the same as /</span><link href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5Cuser%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtml1%5C03%5Cclip_filelist.xml" rel="File-List"></link><style>
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</style><span style="font-family: Arial;">θ<o:p></o:p></span><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">/ except for the vibration of the vocal cords for /</span>ð<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">/.</span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Word Drill</span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><u>Initial</u> <u>Medial</u> <u>Final</u></span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Thus southern bath</span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Those feather breath</span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Then another sooth</span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><b>/r/</b>- this is the absence of thrill because there is no tongue upward and away for alveolar ridge.</span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Word Drill</span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><u>Initial</u> <u>Medial</u> <u>Final</u></span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Run sorry fire</span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Round brow wear</span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Rain grain howler</span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Rap brake bowler</span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Rail drizzle ear</span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><b>/s/</b>- the tip of the tongue is raised toward the alveolar ridge without touching it and the sides are pressed firmly against the inner surface of the upper bicuspids. The tongue is slightly grooved and the air is forced along the narrow package toward the lower edge of the upper front teeth without vibration of the vocal cords.</span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Word Drill</span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><u>Initial</u> <u>Medial </u> <u>Final</u></span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Sea escape cross</span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Sue fussy mess</span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Sit lasses hiss</span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Sale asset gas</span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><b>/</b></span><b>ʃ</b><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><b>/</b>- the top of the tongue is a little lower than for /s/ but the blade is close to the back of the alveolar ridge. The air stream is directed toward the alveolar ridge rather than the teeth, producing a voiceless fricative.</span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Word Drill</span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><u>Initial </u> <u>Medial</u> <u>Final</u></span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Shoes cushion cash</span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Shell machine wash</span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Shame passion fish</span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><b>/z/</b>- the sounds /s/ and /z/ use the same articulations and points of articulation. The difference lies in /z/ being voice and less tense than /s/. when producing the sound, vibrate your vocal cords as you force the air out through the narrow oral passage.</span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Word Drill</span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><u>Initial</u> <u>Medial</u> <u>Final</u></span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Zest music rose</span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Zero hazard quiz</span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Zip reason chose</span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Zeal dozen was</span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><b>/</b></span><b>dʒ</b><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><b>/</b>- except for the vibration of the vocal cords, the sound /</span>dʒ/ <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">is produced in the same manner as its voiceless counterpart /</span>tʃ<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">/.</span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Word Drill</span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><u>Initial</u> <u>Medial</u> <u>Final</u></span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Genre vision beige</span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Gendarme casual garage</span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Jabot treasure prestige</span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><b>/h/</b>- the sound is produced with no fixed articulator and point of articulation. It is just a stream of air made audible by a slight constriction of the vocal cords in the larynx. The vowel immediately following actually determines the position assumed by the lips and the tongue.</span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Word Drill</span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><u>Initial</u> <u>Medial</u> </span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Hobby behave</span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Heat behold</span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Hail coherence</span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"></span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><b>/m/</b>- the sound /m/ and /b/ use the same articulator and point of articulation the lips. The soft palate or velum is lowered so that the air is continuously released through the nose.</span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Word Drill</span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><u>Initial</u> <u>Media</u>l <u>Final</u></span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Man summer calm</span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Made compare home</span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Meal simple bottom</span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Much command custom</span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><b>/n/</b>- like the sound of /m/, /n/ uses the same articulator as another voiced stop. The tip of the tongue and alveolar ridge are used the articulator and point of articulation, respectively. This sound is nasal.</span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Word Drill </span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><u>Initial</u> <u>Medial</u> <u>Final</u></span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Net know cane</span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Now anthem sign</span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">None banner prone</span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Nest cannon train</span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><b>/</b></span><b>ŋ</b><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><b>/</b>- this sound is nasal which has the same articulator and point of the articulation as a voiced stop. It does not occur in initial position.</span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Word Drill</span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><u>Initial</u> <u>Final</u></span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Bank banking</span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Thing aching</span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Sink thing</span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Punk meringue</span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><b>/l/</b> -the tip of the tongue is placed against the alveolar ridge. The sides of the tongue are lowered to allow the vocalized breath to escape over them, producing the lateral sound. This variety of voiced consonant and a following vowel. When the back of the tongue is raised toward the velum, the resulting sound is the called “dark 1”. These are found after vowels.</span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Word Drill</span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><u>Initial </u> <u>Medial</u> <u>Final</u></span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Lamb dweller tell</span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Lap blade vocal</span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Loam spelling comical</span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><b>/hw/</b>- it is a glide produced by moving the tongue from an initial position to the position for the next sound. This sound produced with a puff of air but without of the vocal cords. /hw/ is spelled </span><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><u>wh</u></span><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"> in initial and medical positions as in </span><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><u>while</u></span><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"> and </span><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><u>meanwhile</u></span><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">. It is spelled </span><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><u>w</u></span><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"> following </span><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><u>t</u></span><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"> and </span><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><u>s</u></span><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"> as in </span><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><u>twine</u></span><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"> and </span><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><u>swine</u></span><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">. It may also be preceded by </span><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><u>u</u></span><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"> after _ as in quick.</span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Word Drill</span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><u>Initial</u> <u>Medial</u></span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Where anywhere</span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">While cartwheel</span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Whip somewhere</span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Whistle a while</span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><b>/w/</b>- this sound is a glide produced by moving the tongue from an initial position to the position for the sound which immediately follows. The sound is made by rounding the lips as for /u/ and raising the back of the tongue toward the soft palate while the vocal cords vibrate.</span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Word Drill</span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><u>Initial</u> <u>Medial</u></span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Weal liquid</span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Won inquire</span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Wear beware</span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Wound awake</span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Wait away</span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><b>/j/</b>- the front of the tongue is raised close to the alveolar ridge without touching it. From that initial position, the tongue glides into the position of the /j/ of the words </span><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><u>you</u></span><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"> and </span><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><u>union</u></span><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"> /j/, /ju/ and /^njen/. One rare spelling of j- as in </span><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><u>hallelujah</u></span><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">-/j/ is generally spelled </span><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><u>y </u></span><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">as in </span><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><u>yet </u></span><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">and <u>i</u> </span><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">as in </span><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><u>union</u></span><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">.</span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Word Drill</span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><u>Initial</u> <u>Final</u></span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Eurasia few</span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Euphoria new</span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Europe cue</span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><b>/</b></span><b>tʃ</b><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><b>/</b>- this sound starts as stop and ends in fricative. to produced the sound, place the tip of the tongue against the upper gum ridge as in the initial position for /t/. then switch immediately to the tongue position for /s/ at the same time forcing the air out so that only a simple sound is heard.</span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Word Drill</span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><u>Initial</u> <u>Medial</u> <u>Final</u></span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Cheat mixture march</span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Chirp texture much</span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Chart pasture such</span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Chain capture touch</span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><b>/</b></span><b>dʒ</b><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><b>/</b> -this sound is pronounced exactly the way as /s/ with the exception of voicing.</span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Word Drill</span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><u>Initial</u> <u>Medial</u> <u>Final</u></span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Jet region sponge</span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Jam legion wedge</span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Gentle urgent large</span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Guide Questions:</span></b></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"></span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"> Transcribe the following words: </span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"> Ex. Chain- /</span>tʃ<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">en/</span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><ol><li><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Large 11.) sea</span></div></li>
<li><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Think 12.) theme</span></div></li>
<li><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Won 13.) value</span></div></li>
<li><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Loop 14.) game</span></div></li>
<li><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Punk 15.) beg</span></div></li>
<li><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Zero 16.) another</span></div></li>
<li><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Net 17.) this</span></div></li>
<li><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">No 18.) vowel</span></div></li>
<li><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Rose 19.) pell </span></div></li>
<li><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Shame 20.) lab</span></div></li>
</ol><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"></span></div>lienihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17705209198432414155noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8957876519032132086.post-42378152984758781022011-03-15T16:54:00.000-07:002011-03-24T22:37:28.586-07:00VOWELS<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;">Module: 1</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;">Posted by: :Lieni Immarie R. Monteron</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;">Sources: 1. A Handbook in Speech and Effective Communication by Milagros Castillo-Espina</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"> 2. Effective Speech Communication in Various Situition by Judy Imelda L. Igoy and Apolinario S. Saymo</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"> 3. http://www.google.com.ph/images</span><br />
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">At the end of module, the students are expected to:<o:p></o:p></span></div><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Enumerate the different vowel symbols;<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Identify the vowel symbols used in the words;<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Produce the sound of the vowels correctly.</span></li>
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</div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;">A <b>vowel</b> is a speech sound consisting either of a syllable or the center of a syllable produced through an open throat and mouth without obstruction. </span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;">Vowels are classified according to these factors:</span></div><ol style="text-align: justify;"><li><div style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;">According to the part of the tongue, there are three sound; front, back and central made respectively by the front, back and middle part of the tongue.</span></div></li>
<li><div style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;">According to the height or position of the tongue, vowels are classified as high, mid and low. Vowels in which any part of the tongue is as high as possible are called high vowels. These vowels require the greatest arching of tongue. These in which the tongue is as low is as possible are called low vowels.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><b>/i/</b>- The lips are not rounded and the lower jaw is as close to the front of the mouth as possible bringing the upper and the lower teeth, the sides press against the upper bicuspids and the blade rises high toward the hard palate so that the voice sound passes through a narrow oral opening.</span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;">Word Drill</span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><u>Initial</u> <u>Medial</u> <u> Final</u></span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;">Easy teacher three</span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;">Equal meat free</span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;">Even deep see</span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;">Ease seat tea</span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;">Eel beach glee</span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><b>/I/-</b> When pronouncing, the lips are unround though more relaxed than for lower, and toward the back of the mouth making the oral opening a little wider. The jaw and tongue movements ease the pressure of the teeth of the tongue against the eating edge of the lower teeth and the sides against the upper bicuspids.</span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;">Word Drill</span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><u>Initial </u> <u>Medial</u></span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;">Ill ship</span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;">Itch brick</span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;">Ink kick</span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;">It lick</span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;">Inside pill</span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><b>/e/</b>- Some speakers make the sound diphthong /EI/ rather than a pure vowel. This is found and unround. The jaw drops to the mid-height and the front of the tongue takes a lower position than that for /I/ making the oral passage wider. </span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;">Word Drill</span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><u>Initial</u> <u>Medial</u></span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;">Ache wait</span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;">Aim blade</span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;">Able raid</span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;">Ape eight</span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><b>/ε/</b>- The jaw drops to mid-height, just a little bit lower than for /e/. The lips are unround and the tongue tip touches the lower teeth while the sides touch the upper bicuspids very lightly. There is no tension and the sound produced is short. </span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;">Word Drill</span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><u>Initial </u> <u>Medial</u></span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;">End head</span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;">Enter web</span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;">Excellent heavy</span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;">Extra pen</span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><b>/æ/</b>- To produce the sound, drop your jaw and spread your lips in a wide smile the front of the tongue is low with the tip lightly touching the back of the lower front teeth. Muscles of both tongue and jaw are tense. This is low, front, unround, tense and long vowel.</span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;">Word Drill</span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><u>Initial</u> <u>Medial</u></span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;">Apple black</span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;">Add contract</span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;">Angry jab</span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;">Absent pack</span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><b>/u/ or / uw/</b>- the jaw height is close to the roof of the mouth as possible and there is more lip rounding and protrusion than in any other vowels. The tongue is tense with the back raised height toward the soft palate as a long sound is produced. This sound is high, back, round, long and tense.</span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;">Word Drill</span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><u>Initial</u> <u>Medial</u> <u>Final</u></span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;">Ooze suit shoe</span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;">Oozing move who</span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;">Oozy rude two</span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;">Oodle loose true</span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><b>/U/</b>- The jaw is raised higher than for /o/ and the lips are slightly rounded and protruded. The tongue is raised high at the back toward the velum and muscles are relaxed as a short sound is produced. This sound is a high back, round, short, and lax vowel.</span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;">Word Drill</span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><u>Medial</u></span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;">Push</span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;">Could</span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;">Woman</span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;">Bullet</span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><b>/o/ or /ow/-</b> There is a rounding and protrusion of lips and the mid-position of the jaw. The tongue is drawn back and toward the soft palate. During phonation, the tongue is raised to the high back position causing a slight depth organization. The sound /o/ is often used as a diphthong than a pure vowel.</span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;">Word Drill</span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><u>Initial</u> <u>Medial</u> <u> Final</u></span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;">Ocean home go</span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;">Over both shoe</span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;">Open cold so</span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;">Only wrote know</span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;">Ode loan foam</span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><b>/ɔ/</b>- The jaw is in low position but is raised a little higher than for /a/. There is slight protrusion and rounding of lips. The tongue is drawn a little toward a back of the mouth and raised slightly toward the velum. It is a low back, unround vowel.</span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;">Word Drill</span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><u>Initial </u> <u>Medial</u></span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;">Author fall</span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;">Alway shall</span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;">Audit bought</span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;">Ought taught</span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><b>/ɜ/-</b> The jaw height is midway and the lips are unround. The tongue is in the position for /ә/ but with tip curled toward the alveolar ridge. </span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;">Word Drill</span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><u>Initial </u> <u>Medial</u></span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;">Earn curly</span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;">Earth work</span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;">Early sir</span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><b>/ɚ/</b>- It’s almost identical in the pronunciation of the first and the second syllables. It is because /ɚ/ is the unstressed counterpart of /ɜ/. They are both lax, unrounded, mid vowels. The tongue position for this sound is slightly lower.</span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;">Word Drill</span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><u>Final</u></span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;">Master</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;">Leader</span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;">Wiser</span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;">Victor</span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><b>/ә/</b>- The unstressed vowel have been reduced to a neutral one called the schwa /ә/, a mid, central, unround, short and lax vowel. There is no much effort involved in the production of this sound. The lips are slightly parted, the tongue is relaxed at the bottom of the mouth with the center slightly raised toward the hard palate.</span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;">Word Drill </span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><u>Initial </u> <u>Medial</u> <u>Final</u></span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;">Above policy banana</span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;">Allow suppose lava</span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;">About famous sofa</span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;">Again bottom papa</span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><b>/^/-</b> There is no lip rounding and the jaw is in mid-height. The tongue is relaxed with the central part raised toward the hard palate, somewhat lower than for /ɚ/. The sound /^/ is mid, central, unround, lax and short.</span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;">Word Drill</span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><u>Medial</u></span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;">Hut</span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;">But</span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;">Cut</span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;">Luck</span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;">Mud</span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><b>/a/</b>- The jaw height is at its lowest position. The lips are opened wide but neither spread nor rounded. The tongue rest at the bottom of the mouth and the tip and sides no longer touch the upper and lower teeth.</span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;">Word Drill</span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><u>Initial </u> <u> Medial</u></span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;">Artist politics</span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;">Odd stock</span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;">Arm rock</span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;">Army sod</span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"></span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><b>Guide Questions:</b></span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"> Transcribe or replace the vowels being underlined in the words by the vowel symbols.</span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;">Example: b<u>ea</u>t – bit</span></div><ol><li style="text-align: justify;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;">gr<u>ee</u>n 6. l<u>i</u>ve 11. thr<u>ow</u></span></div></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;">b<u>u</u>t 7. murm<u>ur</u> 12. f<u>i</u>t</span></div></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;">n<u>au</u>ght 8. l<u>ai</u>d 13. b<u>oo</u>k</span></div></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;">m<u>oo</u>n 9. l<u>a</u>d 14. b<u>ur</u>ger</span></div></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;">r<u>e</u>d 10. <u>a</u>go 15. l<u>oo</u>k</span></div></li>
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</div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in;"></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><b></b></div>lienihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17705209198432414155noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8957876519032132086.post-56105220895997016412011-01-27T01:41:00.000-08:002011-01-30T22:48:40.911-08:00Rianald<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Pista ng araw naiyon sa lugar nina Roland at Raissa sa Laguna. Kina umagahan, habang abala si Roland sa paghahanda sa kapistahan, si Raissa naman ay gumagawa ng mga pang-araw-araw na gawaing bahay sapagkat hindi naman kailangan ng kanilang pamilya’ng magluto ng mga pagkain dahil magke-cater na lamang sila.</span></span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Si Roland at Raissa ay isang taon nang magkasintahan. Nang araw an iyon, gustong makita ni Roland ang minamahal na dalaga. Ngunit, gustuhin man niyang puntahan sa bahay si Raissa alam niyang hindi pwede dahil pinagbawalan itong magkaroon ng kasintahan, lalo na nong nalaman ng kanyang kamag-anak na may relasyon silang dalawa, mahigpit na pinagbawalan ang dalaga. Gustuhin man rin niyang mamasyal sila sa araw na iyon sa siudad, ay hindi rin pupwede dahil hinhi papayagan si Raissa na umalis sa araw na iyon. Ganon pa man, sinubukan niya paring itext ito at kumbinsihing makipagkita sa kanya kahit saglit lang. Awang-awa man si Raissa sa kasintahan at gustuhin man din niyang makita ito, mas pinili parin niyang manatili nalang sa bahay at hindi umalis, nag sagayon ay hindi siya pagdudahan ng masama sa kanyang mga kamag-anak at kasama sa bahay dahil importante sa kanya ang bawat sasabihin nito. Ayaw niyang malaman ito ng kanyang mga magulang at tiyahin at baka tuluyan na siyang paghigpitan ng mga ito at bawalang lumabas. Pagnagkataon, mas lalong mahihirapan silang Makita at makasama ang isa’t-isa. Magtampo man ang nobyo, titiisin na lamang niya ito kaysa ikapapahamak na man nila ang kapalit kapag ipinilit ang gusto.</span></span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Nagsipagdatingan na ang mga bisita kinagabihan. Malimit na silang makapagtext. Matapos kumain ng mga bisita ni Raissa, niyaya siyang mamasyal ng mga ito sa plaza at tumingin sa perya. Ipinaalam niya it okay Roland at sumang-ayon naman ito. Si Roland naman ay pumunta rin sa kanyang mga barkada at dahil pista, nag-inuman sila.</span></span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Pagsapit ng alas-10, dalawa nalang silang naiwan ni Raissa na namamasyal dahil ang iba ay nagsipag-uwian na ng maaga at baka mapagalitan pagnatagalan. Dahil si Fe ay sa bahay nalang nila matutulog, naisipan nilang mamasyal na lang muna. Naisipan ni fe na punahan sa bahay nila si Roland at doon nalang magkwentuhan dahil pagod na rin naman silang palakad-lakad. Ayaw pumayag ni Raissa, ngunit sa pamimilit ng kaibigan, sumang-ayon na rin siya. Habang papunta sa bahay ng nobyo, nag-iingat silang hindi makakita ng kakilala. Pagkarating sa bahay nila Roland, hindi niya nadatnan doon ang lalaki kasi di na man ito nagpaalam sa kanya kung saan pupunta. Tinawag ng kanyang ama si Roland pero hindi sinabing nasa bahay sina Fe at Raissa Plano nila itong surpresahin. Nag makarating ito ay tuwang-tuwa siyang napayakap sa dalaga.</span></span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Nagkukwentuhan lamang sila doon at pagsapit ng alas dose ay napagpasyahan nilang umuwi na. Bilnilinan ni Raissa si Roland na sabay silang matutulog mamaya a wag nag-umalis. Tumango na man ito. Nang makarating sila sa bahay ay wala nang mga bisita. Mayamaya ay nagyaya na si Raissa'ng matulog. Nagtext na rin siya kay Roland na matutulog na sila at wag nang lumabas ng bahay. Nagreply naman ito ng oo.</span></span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Hindi makatulog si Raissa ng mga sandaling iyon at naisipan niyang tawagan si Roland may pakiramdam siyang gising pa ito. Ang ginamit niyang phone ay kay Fe dahil alam niyang sasagutin ito ni Roland kun talagang isin pa nga ito. Kapag numero niya kasi an gamiting pantawag, tiyak hindi ito dadamputin para mapaniwalang tulo na siya.</span></span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Sa inasahan, yon nga ang nangyari. Hindi muna siya umimik at pinakinggan ang lugar at ang mga taong nagsasalita. Magulo at maingay talaga ang lugar. Sumagot si Roland sa kabilang linya, “ hello Fe?”. Sa hindi malamang isasagot bigla niyang naitanon, “akala ko, tulog ka na? Bat gising kapa?” pinigilan niyang wag muna magalit at pakinggan ang mga sasabihin nito. Nalaman ni Roland na si Raissa pala ang nasa kabilang linya, hindi ito nakaimik. Nagtanong uli si Raissa, “asan ka ba? Bakit parang ang ingay naman yata?”at nag makahanap na nang idadahilan, “tulog na nga ako, kaso napatawag ka. Nasa bahay lang naman ako.”. Raissa, “Bakit parang maingay yata?” Roland, “Nagkakantahan kasi sila dito”. Ayaw maniwala ni Raissa dahil alam niyang nagdadahilan lamang ito para hindi mapagalitan. Pero mas pinili niyang paniwalaan ito at niyaya niyan matulog na. </span></span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Kinabukasan, takang-taka si Raissa kun bakit tanghali na ay wala pa rin siyan natanggap na text mula dito. Kadalasan kasi, ito ang unang nagtetext ng morning greetings sa kanya. Itenext na niya ito ngunit di pa rin nagreply. Mga alas-11 na nang maisipan niyang tawagan ito. Nakakailan tawa na siya ngunit wala paring sumasagot. Tinawagan parin niya ito hanggang sa wakas sumagot na rin. Laking taka niyang tunog bagong gisin ang boses nito, halatan pagod at kulang sa tulog. Raissa, “Kagigisin mo lang?” Roland, “oo,bakit?” Raissa, “Nagataka lang ako, kasi kahit matulog ka man ng matagal sa gabi, maaga ka parin na man gigising at agad kang nagtetext.” Roland, “ Inaantok pa kasi ako eh, kaya tinamad akong bumangon”. Sa galit ni raissa, hindi niya napigilang pagtaasan ito ng boses, Raissa, “Wag mo akong niloloko, hindi ako tanga!” at binagsakan niya ito n telepono. Halatan natakot si Roland sa sinabi ng nobya kanina, kaya pinilit niya itong kuntakin uli ngunit di na siya sinasagot nito. Kaya nagtext na lang siya ng mga mensahen nagkukunwaring parang walang nangyari.</span></span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Malapit nang lumubog ang araw pero wala parin siyang natanggap na mensahe mula kay Raissa. Bahalang-bahala na talaga siya. Hindi na niya alam kung ano ang gagawin hanggan sa nakatanggap siya ng mensahe mula dito, “Papuntahin mo si Aira dito para maibigay ko sayo ang perang pinahawakan mo”. Si Aira ay bunsong kapatid ni Roland. Pinahawakan kasi ni Roland ang pera kay Raissa para hindi niya ito magasta. Masakit man ang sinabi ng dalaga sa kanya, natutuwa na rin siya kahit papaano, kasi sa dami-rami na niyan naitext dito at sa haba-habang paghihintay na magpaandam ito, sa wakas ay nagreply na rin. Humingi siya ng paumanhin sa nangyari ngunit di parin matinag ang dalaga. Pinaamin niya ito sa totoo. Umamin naman ito, na hindi nga siya natulog at lumabas pa ng bahay. Na umaa na nang siya ay makatulog kasi nag-inuman sila sa bahy ng kanyang mga kabarkada pero kahit pa inamin na nito ang kasalanang nagawa, gait pa rin ang daaga sa kanya. Masakit man sa parte ni Raissa peo buo na ang kanyan desisyong makipaghiwalay dito dahil maraming beses na itong ginawa ni Roland. Ang pinakaayaw niya sa lahat ay yong niloloko siya.</span></span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Luhaang lumabas ng kwarto si Roland at inutusan an kapatid na puntahan si Raissa sa kanilang bahay paa kunin ang pera. Ayaw man niyang ipakuha iyon pero gusto na ni Raissa na ibigay ang pera, kaya wala siyan nagawa. Tamang-tama sa palabas ni Raissa sa gate para bumili sa tindahan, ay siya namang pagdatin ni Aira. Ibinigay niya ito at sabay silang naglakad. Habang naglalakad, naitanon n kapatid kung bakit umiiyak si Roland sinabi niya ang totoo dito. Nabanggit din ni Aira na hapon na palang umuwi si Roland sa bahay at may bukol pa sa mukha dahil nabagok ito sa gate dala n kalasingan. Galit na galit din ang mga magulang nito dahil sinanla niya ang PSP sa kanyang barkada para bayaran ang nawalang pera na 500 pesos. Nalagla ito sa kanyan kamay na hindi niya namamalayan habang papunta sila sa tindahan para bumili na inumin. Sa nalaman, mas lalong nainis at nagalit si Raissa.</span></span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Nakalimutan niyan ipadala ang I.D sa paaralan nila Roland sa kanyang kapatid kaya naiisipan niyang ihatid. Alam din naman niyan tulog na ito kaya hindi na rin nito mapapansin ang kanyang pagpunta. Pagdating niya sa bahay nina Roland, nakausap niya ang nga magulang ni Roland at sila na mismo ang hgumingi ng paumanhin para sa anak. Alam nilang mahal na mahal ni Roland si Raissa kaya naman, pinakiusapan nila ang dalaga na pag-usapan muna nilang maayos ang lahat at pag-uuitin pa ni Roland ang nagyari, bahala na si Raissa'ng magpasya. Ito ang kasi ang nagpapatino sa kanilang anak, nagmula ng makilala niya si Raissa. Kitang-kita nila ang pagbabago nito mula noon. At sa kanya lang ito nakikinig.</span></span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Para sa mga magulang ni Roland, sinunod niya ang gusto nito at ayaw man niyang aminin dahil nag-uumapaw sa galit ang kanyang puso sa mga oras na iyon, ay mahal na mahal parin niya kahit papaano ang kasintahan. Pinuntahan niya ang tulog na binata at ibinuhos niya ang inis at galit na nararamdaman, at nang sa gayon ay mawala na rin ito matapos mailabas ang mga hinanakit. Humingi naman ng kapatawaran si Roland at nangakong hindi nauulitin. Nagawa lang naman niya iyon dahil natakot siyan magpaalam at baka hindi payagan.</span></span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Matapos ang madamdaming pag-uusap, umuwi na si Raissa na dala ang ngiti sa labi at magaan na loob. Si Roland naman ay maligayang nakatulog ng maayos.</span></span></div>lienihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17705209198432414155noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8957876519032132086.post-58260381142420176272011-01-07T06:40:00.000-08:002011-02-02T21:03:05.382-08:00Educational Technology, not Technology, in Teaching<div class="separator" style="clear: both; color: #fff2cc; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3jJClYJKlLh8qieoF45uJhUItfFXjdJGwnO3pI4hyphenhyphenmfOsMd742wv8LqI_P1-XTH6TGMZoqlYKCJYEiljYHHaxMistaV_M2npRVUUCTj_qMUPbbn-wEA0yO7KOXxGIFzFBwdJI7nYZgBmF/s1600/1.bmp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" n4="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3jJClYJKlLh8qieoF45uJhUItfFXjdJGwnO3pI4hyphenhyphenmfOsMd742wv8LqI_P1-XTH6TGMZoqlYKCJYEiljYHHaxMistaV_M2npRVUUCTj_qMUPbbn-wEA0yO7KOXxGIFzFBwdJI7nYZgBmF/s320/1.bmp" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; color: #fff2cc; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="justify" style="border: medium none; color: #fff2cc; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> <span style="color: #fff2cc;">Nowadays, people are so fun using the high technology that we have in this generation. Some of us use it for fun, entertainment and important purposes. Other people used it righteously but other doesn’t. That’s technology by all means. It has advantages and disadvantages. But by the help of educators specially in school, they guide the students to be educationally literate about these technology, specifically the usage of computers. Educational technology is very important in teaching the learners, for them to be aware and know the correct thing to do.</span></span></span></div><div align="justify" style="color: #fff2cc; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></div><div align="justify" style="color: #fff2cc; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> The word educational from the word, Educational Technology, simply means that it is not only about the technology itself but also the correct use of it educationally. The student must be computer literate. They must make use of these gadgets in a way that beneficiary for learning or imparting knowledge, like doing a PowerPoint presentation. The student must be exposed to this usage of technology not just all about entertainment and fun.</span></span></div><div align="justify" style="color: #fff2cc; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></div><div align="justify" style="color: #fff2cc; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> So, from the sentence “Educational technology dictates the appropriate pedagogy, not technology to determine the pedagogy used”, is hereby true. It is the educational technology which makes the teaching and learning process effective and convenient not the technology itself alone. Because when it is all about the technology without the correct usage of it, the imparting of knowledge or gaining of information would never be that effective and satisfactory.</span></span></div>lienihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17705209198432414155noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8957876519032132086.post-60717003770818852252011-01-07T06:38:00.000-08:002011-01-07T06:38:16.211-08:00Constructivist Theory: Acquiring Knowledge<span style="color: magenta;"></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhp2xNQBDbf0pFXdBMZ3fufpcg9twnOzucvzIarGYLbuMq9CkwUWItVdRwWUhLHCRG0_k6EmwMyRrXxN0NSwcxPlYh5aoCUPVl6cuRXj3WYnl_AVf8ol6e6WnPv_kb1W1N0eyu_P7lyhNhW/s1600/Picture+001.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" n4="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhp2xNQBDbf0pFXdBMZ3fufpcg9twnOzucvzIarGYLbuMq9CkwUWItVdRwWUhLHCRG0_k6EmwMyRrXxN0NSwcxPlYh5aoCUPVl6cuRXj3WYnl_AVf8ol6e6WnPv_kb1W1N0eyu_P7lyhNhW/s320/Picture+001.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, serif;"><span style="color: magenta; font-size: small;"> <span style="color: #351c75;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #a64d79;">Constructivist theory is an active process where learners can acquire and construct new ideas or concepts based on their past or current knowledge and experiences. This simply means that, constructivist theory, is a construction of a new knowledge by the help of past knowledge, experience or information in where the learner can come up with a new discovery of information to be used. This theory is a student-centered theory. Because the student has the freedom to choose whatever way they can learn, that finds his/her interest just to cope with the subject or topic.</span></span></span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #a64d79;"></span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, serif;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #a64d79; font-size: small;"> So, I agree that the constructivist theory is based on the past experiences of the students. The Principle of Integration may justify this theory. In the Principle of Integration, the student can able to combine his experiences together in meaningful patterns of understanding and application. So, by relating to past experiences, the learners can make a new idea or concept with his/her own discovery. And the Principle of Discovery comes in also in this theory, the students, at the thought of being able to discover by their selves the solution to the problems related to their topics assignments.</span></span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #a64d79;"></span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, serif;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #a64d79; font-size: small;"> By his means, it is true that constructivist theory is all about the past experiences of the learner that combined together to form another new information with their interest. </span></span></div>lienihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17705209198432414155noreply@blogger.com0