Module: 2
Posted by: Lieni Immarie R. Monteron
Sources: 1. A Handbook in Speech and Effective Communication by Milagros Castillo-Espina
2. Effective Speech Communication in Various Situation by Judy Imelda L. Igoy and Apolinario S. Saymo
3.http://www.google.com.ph/images
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Posted by: Lieni Immarie R. Monteron
Sources: 1. A Handbook in Speech and Effective Communication by Milagros Castillo-Espina
2. Effective Speech Communication in Various Situation by Judy Imelda L. Igoy and Apolinario S. Saymo
3.http://www.google.com.ph/images
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At the end of this module, the readers are expected to:
- Enumerate all the consonant symbols;
- Identify the consonants used in the words;
- Produce the consonant sounds in a word correctly.
A consonants is sound used before or after a vowel to form a syllable. It is produced with the narrowing of the speech tract and is classified according to the manner of articulation, place of articulation, and the presence or absence of voice.
- a sound produced by the partial or complete obstruction of the air column by some parts of speech apparatus such as the lips, tongue and others.
Consonants are classified according to:
- Point of articulation
a) bilabial = lips
b) labio - dental = lips and teeth
c) interdental = between the teeth (with the help of tongue)
d) alveolar = upper gum ridge
e) palatal = hard palate
f) velar = soft palate
g) glottal = glottis
h) lengue – dental = tongue and teeth
i) alvea – palatal = combination of alveolar and palatal
- Manner of Articulation
a) Plosives are categorized by complete stoppage and compression of the breath followed by an explosion or release of the air.
b) Fricatives are made by forcing the breathing through a partly narrowed passage in the mouth or glottis. Voiceless fricatives give out a friction - like quality while voiced fricatives have less of friction quality.
c) Affricates are combination of a plosive and a fricative.
d) Nasals are characterized by nasal tones and by breath flowing through the passage in the nose.
e) Laterals are produced as breath is released through one or both sides of the tongue.
f) Glides have the consonants moving from a fixed point then gliding toward the production or position of the vowel.
g) Retroflex like /r/ is a sound made with tongue tip pointing upward and backward.
- Voicing – Not all consonants are voiced. Voiced consonants are produce by exhaling breath and causing the vocal cords in the larynx to vibrate strongly to produce vocal tones. Voiceless consonants have no such vibration.
- Duration
a.) Continuants – consonants are prolonged indefinitely on one.
b.) Stops – breath streams is stopped or block, thus, breath giving a limited duration.
Table of English Consonants
/p/- Bring your lips together, closing them tightly and quick ling releasing the built up pressure through the mouth without vibrating the vocal cords. In initial positions as in pet and when followed by a stressed vowel as in repeat, /p/ is aspirated. The released is accomplished by a puff of air. There is no aspiration when /p/ comes after /s/ as in spend and in medial unstressed position as in happy. In final position it may or may not be aspirated.
Word Drill
Initial Medial Final
Pell supper hop
Pull pauper lap
Pack appear tap
Pan taper tip
Pave people clip
/b/- Like /p/, it is produced by closing the lips firmly, through with lesser pressure and the release of breath is accompanied by vibration of the vocal cords. There is the absence of aspiration even in the initial position.
Word Drill
Initial Medial Final
Boon tribute mob
Bunch somebody disrobe
Bet sob lab
Ban sabre rib
Bone habit curb
/t/- The tongue is raised so that the tip presses against the alveolar (upper grum) ridge and sides touch the upper bicuspids. The soft palate is raised to prevent the breath from going out through the nose. When the release comes to complete the sound, / t / is accompanied by a puff of air, /t/ is aspirated in initial positions and in stressed syllables followed by vowels.
Word Drill
Initial Medial Final
Tin utter built
Tie bitter trait
Team matter late
/d/ -/t/ and /d/ have the same manner of articulation except that /d/ is voiced and not aspirated.
Word Drill
Initial Medial Final
Dame adorn said
Dine cuddle tend
Day ladder weed
Dear redeem mend
/k/- There is a pressing against the velum blocking the oral passage of the outgoing breath. This sound is completed only upon release of the built up pressure and without vibration of the vocal cords. Cot and become are aspirated while wicked and bake are not. Other voiceless stops /p/, /t/ and /k/ are aspirated in the beginning of stressed syllables, but not aspirated after initial /s/ in the middle and end of the words.
Word Drill
Initial Medial Final
Came become sock
Kin laxity buck
Cop clicker wax
Cup lacquer track
/g/- It differs from /k/ in two aspects: the presence voice and the absence of aspiration.
Word Drill
Initial Medial Final
Greed angel beg
Glide signal stag
Guard vanguard fatigue
Gap meager drag
Game digger mug
/v/- like /f/, it is produced by placing the lower lip very tightly against the upper teeth and blowing through them with an accompanying vibration of the vocal cords.
Word Drill
Initial Medial Final
Vulgar proven alive
Vowel shaved love
Value review dove
Vote carving receive
/θ
Word Drill
Initial Medial Final
Think method north
Thin pathology south
Thank rhythmic myth
Theory cathedral tooth
/ð/- this sound is produced the same as /θ
Word Drill
Initial Medial Final
Thus southern bath
Those feather breath
Then another sooth
/r/- this is the absence of thrill because there is no tongue upward and away for alveolar ridge.
Word Drill
Initial Medial Final
Run sorry fire
Round brow wear
Rain grain howler
Rap brake bowler
Rail drizzle ear
/s/- the tip of the tongue is raised toward the alveolar ridge without touching it and the sides are pressed firmly against the inner surface of the upper bicuspids. The tongue is slightly grooved and the air is forced along the narrow package toward the lower edge of the upper front teeth without vibration of the vocal cords.
Word Drill
Initial Medial Final
Sea escape cross
Sue fussy mess
Sit lasses hiss
Sale asset gas
/ʃ/- the top of the tongue is a little lower than for /s/ but the blade is close to the back of the alveolar ridge. The air stream is directed toward the alveolar ridge rather than the teeth, producing a voiceless fricative.
Word Drill
Initial Medial Final
Shoes cushion cash
Shell machine wash
Shame passion fish
/z/- the sounds /s/ and /z/ use the same articulations and points of articulation. The difference lies in /z/ being voice and less tense than /s/. when producing the sound, vibrate your vocal cords as you force the air out through the narrow oral passage.
Word Drill
Initial Medial Final
Zest music rose
Zero hazard quiz
Zip reason chose
Zeal dozen was
/dʒ/- except for the vibration of the vocal cords, the sound /dʒ/ is produced in the same manner as its voiceless counterpart /tʃ/.
Word Drill
Initial Medial Final
Genre vision beige
Gendarme casual garage
Jabot treasure prestige
/h/- the sound is produced with no fixed articulator and point of articulation. It is just a stream of air made audible by a slight constriction of the vocal cords in the larynx. The vowel immediately following actually determines the position assumed by the lips and the tongue.
Word Drill
Initial Medial
Hobby behave
Heat behold
Hail coherence
/m/- the sound /m/ and /b/ use the same articulator and point of articulation the lips. The soft palate or velum is lowered so that the air is continuously released through the nose.
Word Drill
Initial Medial Final
Man summer calm
Made compare home
Meal simple bottom
Much command custom
/n/- like the sound of /m/, /n/ uses the same articulator as another voiced stop. The tip of the tongue and alveolar ridge are used the articulator and point of articulation, respectively. This sound is nasal.
Word Drill
Initial Medial Final
Net know cane
Now anthem sign
None banner prone
Nest cannon train
/ŋ/- this sound is nasal which has the same articulator and point of the articulation as a voiced stop. It does not occur in initial position.
Word Drill
Initial Final
Bank banking
Thing aching
Sink thing
Punk meringue
/l/ -the tip of the tongue is placed against the alveolar ridge. The sides of the tongue are lowered to allow the vocalized breath to escape over them, producing the lateral sound. This variety of voiced consonant and a following vowel. When the back of the tongue is raised toward the velum, the resulting sound is the called “dark 1”. These are found after vowels.
Word Drill
Initial Medial Final
Lamb dweller tell
Lap blade vocal
Loam spelling comical
/hw/- it is a glide produced by moving the tongue from an initial position to the position for the next sound. This sound produced with a puff of air but without of the vocal cords. /hw/ is spelled wh in initial and medical positions as in while and meanwhile. It is spelled w following t and s as in twine and swine. It may also be preceded by u after _ as in quick.
Word Drill
Initial Medial
Where anywhere
While cartwheel
Whip somewhere
Whistle a while
/w/- this sound is a glide produced by moving the tongue from an initial position to the position for the sound which immediately follows. The sound is made by rounding the lips as for /u/ and raising the back of the tongue toward the soft palate while the vocal cords vibrate.
Word Drill
Initial Medial
Weal liquid
Won inquire
Wear beware
Wound awake
Wait away
/j/- the front of the tongue is raised close to the alveolar ridge without touching it. From that initial position, the tongue glides into the position of the /j/ of the words you and union /j/, /ju/ and /^njen/. One rare spelling of j- as in hallelujah-/j/ is generally spelled y as in yet and i as in union.
Word Drill
Initial Final
Eurasia few
Euphoria new
Europe cue
/tʃ/- this sound starts as stop and ends in fricative. to produced the sound, place the tip of the tongue against the upper gum ridge as in the initial position for /t/. then switch immediately to the tongue position for /s/ at the same time forcing the air out so that only a simple sound is heard.
Word Drill
Initial Medial Final
Cheat mixture march
Chirp texture much
Chart pasture such
Chain capture touch
/dʒ/ -this sound is pronounced exactly the way as /s/ with the exception of voicing.
Word Drill
Initial Medial Final
Jet region sponge
Jam legion wedge
Gentle urgent large
Guide Questions:
Transcribe the following words:
Ex. Chain- /tʃen/
- Large 11.) sea
- Think 12.) theme
- Won 13.) value
- Loop 14.) game
- Punk 15.) beg
- Zero 16.) another
- Net 17.) this
- No 18.) vowel
- Rose 19.) pell
- Shame 20.) lab
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