Module: 4 Posted by: Lieni Immarie R. Monteron Sources:1. EFCOM by Milagros Castillo-Espina
2. Effective Speech Communication in Various Situation by Judy L. Igoy and Apolinario S. Saymo 3. Speech and Oral Communication for College Students by Rafaela H. Diaz
He delivered his speech glibly (clearly, calmly, persuasively) The delivered the goods hurriedly (quickly, cautiously, promptly)
Function words have little or no lexical meanings but merely indicate grammatical relationships. They serve to vary the functions of the content words with which they appear.
Function words are unstressed:
preposition– I went to movies yesterday.
articles – the men are on strike.
correlatives or determiners – neither work is advisable.
relative pronounce – the man who came is my uncle.
personal pronounce – I am the chairman.
the pronoun one as a substitute:
take the red one
I met the bright one
7. helping verb or auxiliaries:
She is sleeping
I have known him for a long time now.
(Note: “to have” forms as principal verbs as stressed)
Ex. I have a gift.
8. linking verb – he is pleasant to talk to.
Note; these verbs are stressed.
a)when they are found in the final position.
b.)when used in reiterative patterns or tag questions.
Ex. Didn’t they?
Are you?
Isn’t it?
Can’t also is slightly stressed in order to distinguish its meaning from the positive can which is unstressed.
Ex. Can we swim?
No, he can’t.
The first of two nouns used together generally receives primary stress:
Ex.College student cocktail party
Term paper guest room
Desk pan water color
In two word verbs, which are composed of a verb and adverb the second component receives the primary stress while the first component receives the secondary stress.
Ex. Come in stand up put on
Get off pick up take off
The general rule of sentence stress does not apply when:
The speaker wants to call attention to a word which normally is unstressed.
=you’ll find the back on the desk.(not under)
Because of a succession of stressed syllables the speaker lends to unstressed an intervening stress:
Module: 3 Posted by: Lieni Immarie R. Monteron Sources: 1. Speech and Oral Communication for College Students by Rafaela H. Diaz 2. EFCOM by Milagros Castillo-Espina
3. http://www.oup.com/elt/global/products/englishfile
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At the end of this topic, the learners are expected to:
·Enumerate all the diphthongs;
·Identify the vowels used to form the diphthongs;
·Distinguish the diphthong in the word.
Some speech sounds contain more than one vowel. A diphthong is a sound composed of two vowels pronounced in close succession with in the limits of a syllable. The vowel sound in the word, fine, is a diphthong for it starts from the /a/ position and glides smoothly to the semi vowel /y/ with in one syllable. Thus a diphthong is a vowel sound that starts from one tongue and lip position and glides upward continuously to a second tongue and lip position. Since the sounds are enunciated so quickly, it is impossible to tell where one ends and the other begins. The two component parts of a diphthong are called its elements. The first element is always stronger than the second; the second is never stressed.
Sources: 1.Efective Speech Communication in Various Situation by Judy Imelda L. Igoy and Apolinario S. Saymo 2. Responsible Speech Communication by Norma D. Martinez 3. http://www.google.com.ph
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At the end of this module, the learners are expected to;
Name and explain the functions of communication;
Recognize and analyze four levels of communication;
State the different stages in communication.
Types and Level of Communication Process
Intrapersonal communication happens when a person talks to oneself or himself’ mentally to process information being received. It is the way in which individual process information based on their own life experiences.
Interpersonal communication, a second level, takes place primarily when two people are involved in the process.
Group communication, a third level, involves three to six persons, usually engaged in face-to-face interaction, actively working together toward a common goal. Groups are formed usually because the combined efforts of a number of people result in greater output than the individual efforts of the same number of people.
Public communication, a fourth level, requires an individual to deliver an informative, persuasive, or special occasion massage in front of a group. This is also a mass communication which represents those situations when we communicate via some electronic device. The mass media are television, radio, motion pictures, newspapers, magazines, books and billboards. Mass communication is directed toward a relatively large heterogeneous and anonymous audience.
The speech communication process begins with the formulation of an idea by the speaker. He then encodes ideas into language to be transmitted through audible and visible symbols to the receiver. As the receiver receives the message, he decodes them and may physically or verbally respond to the speaker. The process of communication involves several stages. They are:
1st stage: Thinking
This stage starts with the birth of an idea of the speaker. The speaker should know what he wants to convey to his audience, otherwise he will be confused and will become the laughing stock of the audience.
2nd stage: Symbolizing
In this stage, the speaker is now ready to share to his audience orally through the use of words. The words should be appropriate for the idea to be clearly understood by the listeners. Mastery of the language is necessary. The speaker should know how to give his thoughts and feeling in an effective way. He should select terms that can be understood easily by the audience.
3rd stage: Expressing
The speaker is now ready to his ideas in an audible speech using appropriate gestures. Clean, good voice and physical delivery is must in speaking.
4th stage: Transmitting
The ideas and feelings are transmitted into the ears of the listeners. The surroundings must be conducive for the audience.
5th stage: Receiving
As the sound waves that carry the ideas of the speaker reach the ears of the listeners, a series of movements takes place. Neural impulses are sent to the brain. Defects of the ears and eyes cause faulty reception.
6th stage: Decoding
This stage will lead the listeners to understand what the speaker wants to convey. Understanding takes place only upon receiving the ideas of the speaker through the voice with supplementary gestures. These voices and gestures facilitate the comprehension of the listener.
7th stage: Reaction or “Feedback”
It is normal situation to see listeners giving responses to what was heard from the speakers. Reactions may be, applause, boredom, hissing, yawn, and doubtful look and so on.
8th stage: Monitoring
The speaker should be sensitive in giving the needs of his audience. It is through monitoring that the speaker determines if comprehension takes place.
Below is a chart of communication process
Guide Questions:
Enumerate all the stages in communication process.
In what stage that the ideas and feelings are transmitted into the ears of the listeners?
It is the starts of formation of the ideas into the speakers mind.
This stage where the listeners give them responses.
It is the formulation of an idea by the speaker.
This stage should not be disregarded because it is only in this stage that the speaker determines if comprehension takes place.
This stage lead the listeners to understand what the speaker wants to convey.
Module: 2
Posted by: Lieni Immarie R. Monteron
Sources: 1. A Handbook in Speech and Effective Communication by Milagros Castillo-Espina
2. Effective Speech Communication in Various Situation by Judy Imelda L. Igoy and Apolinario S. Saymo
3.http://www.google.com.ph/images
At the end of this module, the readers are expected to:
Enumerate all the consonant symbols;
Identify the consonants used in the words;
Produce the consonant sounds in a word correctly.
A consonants is sound used before or after a vowel to form a syllable. It is produced with the narrowing of the speech tract and is classified according to the manner of articulation, place of articulation, and the presence or absence of voice.
- a sound produced by the partial or complete obstruction of the air column by some parts of speech apparatus such as the lips, tongue and others.
Consonants are classified according to:
Point of articulation
a)bilabial = lips
b)labio - dental = lips and teeth
c)interdental = between the teeth (with the help of tongue)
d)alveolar = upper gum ridge
e)palatal = hard palate
f)velar = soft palate
g)glottal = glottis
h)lengue – dental = tongue and teeth
i)alvea – palatal = combination of alveolar and palatal
Manner of Articulation
a)Plosives are categorized by complete stoppage and compression of the breath followed by an explosion or release of the air.
b)Fricatives are made by forcing the breathing through a partly narrowed passage in the mouth or glottis. Voiceless fricatives give out a friction - like quality while voiced fricatives have less of friction quality.
c)Affricates are combination of a plosive and a fricative.
d)Nasals are characterized by nasal tones and by breath flowing through the passage in the nose.
e)Laterals are produced as breath is released through one or both sides of the tongue.
f)Glides have the consonants moving from a fixed point then gliding toward the production or position of the vowel.
g)Retroflex like /r/ is a sound made with tongue tip pointing upward and backward.
Voicing – Not all consonants are voiced. Voiced consonants are produce by exhaling breath and causing the vocal cords in the larynx to vibrate strongly to produce vocal tones. Voiceless consonants have no such vibration.
Duration
a.)Continuants – consonants are prolonged indefinitely on one.
b.)Stops – breath streams is stopped or block, thus, breath giving a limited duration.
Table of English Consonants
/p/- Bring your lips together, closing them tightly and quick ling releasing the built up pressure through the mouth without vibrating the vocal cords. In initial positions as in pet and when followed by a stressed vowel as in repeat, /p/ is aspirated. The released is accomplished by a puff of air. There is no aspiration when /p/ comes after /s/ as in spend and in medial unstressed position as in happy. In final position it may or may not be aspirated.
Word Drill
Initial Medial Final
Pell supper hop
Pull pauper lap
Pack appear tap
Pan taper tip
Pave people clip
/b/- Like /p/, it is produced by closing the lips firmly, through with lesser pressure and the release of breath is accompanied by vibration of the vocal cords. There is the absence of aspiration even in the initial position.
Word Drill
InitialMedialFinal
Boon tribute mob
Bunch somebody disrobe
Bet sob lab
Ban sabre rib
Bone habit curb
/t/- The tongue is raised so that the tip presses against the alveolar (upper grum) ridge and sides touch the upper bicuspids. The soft palate is raised to prevent the breath from going out through the nose. When the release comes to complete the sound, / t / is accompanied by a puff of air, /t/ is aspirated in initial positions and in stressed syllables followed by vowels.
Word Drill
InitialMedialFinal
Tin utter built
Tie bitter trait
Team matter late
/d/ -/t/ and /d/ have the same manner of articulation except that /d/ is voiced and not aspirated.
Word Drill
InitialMedialFinal
Dame adorn said
Dine cuddle tend
Day ladder weed
Dear redeem mend
/k/- There is a pressing against the velum blocking the oral passage of the outgoing breath. This sound is completed only upon release of the built up pressure and without vibration of the vocal cords. Cot and become are aspirated while wicked and bake are not. Other voiceless stops /p/, /t/ and /k/ are aspirated in the beginning of stressed syllables, but not aspirated after initial /s/ in the middle and end of the words.
Word Drill
InitialMedial Final
Came become sock
Kin laxity buck
Cop clicker wax
Cup lacquer track
/g/- It differs from /k/ in two aspects: the presence voice and the absence of aspiration.
Word Drill
InitialMedialFinal
Greed angel beg
Glide signal stag
Guard vanguard fatigue
Gap meager drag
Game digger mug
/v/- like /f/, it is produced by placing the lower lip very tightly against the upper teeth and blowing through them with an accompanying vibration of the vocal cords.
Word Drill
InitialMedialFinal
Vulgar proven alive
Vowel shaved love
Value review dove
Vote carving receive
/θ/- the tip of the tongue slightly touches the upper teeth until a fricative quality of sound is produced.
Word Drill
InitialMedialFinal
Think method north
Thin pathology south
Thank rhythmic myth
Theory cathedral tooth
/ð/- this sound is produced the same as /θ/ except for the vibration of the vocal cords for /ð/.
Word Drill
InitialMedialFinal
Thus southern bath
Those feather breath
Then another sooth
/r/- this is the absence of thrill because there is no tongue upward and away for alveolar ridge.
Word Drill
InitialMedialFinal
Run sorry fire
Round brow wear
Rain grain howler
Rap brake bowler
Rail drizzle ear
/s/- the tip of the tongue is raised toward the alveolar ridge without touching it and the sides are pressed firmly against the inner surface of the upper bicuspids. The tongue is slightly grooved and the air is forced along the narrow package toward the lower edge of the upper front teeth without vibration of the vocal cords.
Word Drill
InitialMedial Final
Sea escape cross
Sue fussy mess
Sit lasses hiss
Sale asset gas
/ʃ/- the top of the tongue is a little lower than for /s/ but the blade is close to the back of the alveolar ridge. The air stream is directed toward the alveolar ridge rather than the teeth, producing a voiceless fricative.
Word Drill
Initial MedialFinal
Shoes cushion cash
Shell machine wash
Shame passion fish
/z/- the sounds /s/ and /z/ use the same articulations and points of articulation. The difference lies in /z/ being voice and less tense than /s/. when producing the sound, vibrate your vocal cords as you force the air out through the narrow oral passage.
Word Drill
InitialMedialFinal
Zest music rose
Zero hazard quiz
Zip reason chose
Zeal dozen was
/dʒ/- except for the vibration of the vocal cords, the sound /dʒ/ is produced in the same manner as its voiceless counterpart /tʃ/.
Word Drill
InitialMedialFinal
Genre vision beige
Gendarme casual garage
Jabot treasure prestige
/h/- the sound is produced with no fixed articulator and point of articulation. It is just a stream of air made audible by a slight constriction of the vocal cords in the larynx. The vowel immediately following actually determines the position assumed by the lips and the tongue.
Word Drill
InitialMedial
Hobby behave
Heat behold
Hail coherence
/m/- the sound /m/ and /b/ use the same articulator and point of articulation the lips. The soft palate or velum is lowered so that the air is continuously released through the nose.
Word Drill
InitialMedial Final
Man summer calm
Made compare home
Meal simple bottom
Much command custom
/n/- like the sound of /m/, /n/ uses the same articulator as another voiced stop. The tip of the tongue and alveolar ridge are used the articulator and point of articulation, respectively. This sound is nasal.
Word Drill
InitialMedialFinal
Net know cane
Now anthem sign
None banner prone
Nest cannon train
/ŋ/- this sound is nasal which has the same articulator and point of the articulation as a voiced stop. It does not occur in initial position.
Word Drill
InitialFinal
Bank banking
Thing aching
Sink thing
Punk meringue
/l/ -the tip of the tongue is placed against the alveolar ridge. The sides of the tongue are lowered to allow the vocalized breath to escape over them, producing the lateral sound. This variety of voiced consonant and a following vowel. When the back of the tongue is raised toward the velum, the resulting sound is the called “dark 1”. These are found after vowels.
Word Drill
Initial MedialFinal
Lamb dweller tell
Lap blade vocal
Loam spelling comical
/hw/- it is a glide produced by moving the tongue from an initial position to the position for the next sound. This sound produced with a puff of air but without of the vocal cords. /hw/ is spelled wh in initial and medical positions as in while and meanwhile. It is spelled w following t and s as in twine and swine. It may also be preceded by u after _ as in quick.
Word Drill
InitialMedial
Where anywhere
While cartwheel
Whip somewhere
Whistle a while
/w/- this sound is a glide produced by moving the tongue from an initial position to the position for the sound which immediately follows. The sound is made by rounding the lips as for /u/ and raising the back of the tongue toward the soft palate while the vocal cords vibrate.
Word Drill
InitialMedial
Weal liquid
Won inquire
Wear beware
Wound awake
Wait away
/j/- the front of the tongue is raised close to the alveolar ridge without touching it. From that initial position, the tongue glides into the position of the /j/ of the words you and union /j/, /ju/ and /^njen/. One rare spelling of j- as in hallelujah-/j/ is generally spelled y as in yet and ias in union.
Word Drill
InitialFinal
Eurasia few
Euphoria new
Europe cue
/tʃ/- this sound starts as stop and ends in fricative. to produced the sound, place the tip of the tongue against the upper gum ridge as in the initial position for /t/. then switch immediately to the tongue position for /s/ at the same time forcing the air out so that only a simple sound is heard.
Word Drill
InitialMedialFinal
Cheat mixture march
Chirp texture much
Chart pasture such
Chain capture touch
/dʒ/ -this sound is pronounced exactly the way as /s/ with the exception of voicing.
